An Overview of IT & GIS

1. City University of Science & Information Technology, Peshawar

2. An Overview of IT & GIS Sardar Mohammad Deputy Director – IT Communication & Works Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar

3. Layout IT Computer Software Computer Science & Software Engineering Areas IT Network Internet Web GIS

4. Data Vs. Information Data is raw material for data processing. data relates to fact, event and transactions. Data refers to unprocessed information. Information is data that has been processed in such a way as to be meaningful to the person who receives it. it is any thing that is communicated.

5. The Value of Information Timeliness Accuracy Accessibility

6. Information Technology • An organized combination of people, hardware, software, communication network and data resourcethat collects, transforms and disseminates information in an organization

7. What device does the processing??? How Information is disseminated???

8. What is Computer? • Computer is an electronic machine operating under the control instructions stored in its own memory, that can accept data, manipulate the data according to specified rules, produce result and store the result for future • control instructions • Memory • Accept data • Manipulate • Result • store A calculator

9. Parts of Computer Input Devices Process – CPU Output Devices RAM Storage Devices

10. Input Devices Keyboard Mouse

11. Motherboard - the main circuit board in the computer. Everything else attaches to the motherboard through connections called ports. Expansion slots - “plugs” on the motherboard for expanding the PC’s capabilities via additional circuit boards. Motherboard

12. Processor • Processor chip • A tiny piece of silicon that contains millions of miniature electronic circuits. Front Back

13. Processor Memory Unit Arithmetic/Logic Unit Control Unit

14. Memory • The area in the computer where data or information is held Temporary • Memory or primary memory • RAM – Random Access Memory

15. Secondary storage • The area in the computer where data or information is held permanently • Also simply called: • Storage

16. Storage capacity is measured in: • 1 byte - 1 character is represented using 1 byte. = 8 bits (a bit is a 0 or a 1) • 1 kilobyte - 1,024 characters. = 210 bytes (approx. 103 bytes) • 1 megabyte - 1,048,576 characters. = 220 bytes (approx. 106 bytes) • 1 gigabyte - more than 1 billion characters. = 230 bytes (approx. 109 bytes) • 1 terabyte - more than 1 trillion characters. = 240 bytes (approx. 1012 bytes)

17. Output Speakers

18. Speaker output requires a sound card. Sound card

19. A video card

20. Put all the hardware together and…

21. Block Diagram Memory Unit Arithmetic/Logic Unit Output or Information Input or Data Control Unit Central Processing Unit

22. Types of computers • Analog • The computers that deals with variable or continuous flow of data • E.g. Temperature, forces, voltage, distance etc. • Digital • The computers that provides physical output from input of data represented in digital form • Hybrid • Computers have both the above characteristics

23. Categories of Computers Super Computers Mainframes Mini Micro Handheld

24. Super computers • Fastest computer • Can cost one million to 350 million dollars • looks like rows of refrigerator-size boxes • Consists of thousands of processors and can carry out several trillion calculations per second. • Used for computer simulations • tracking hurricanes, biological contamination, or understanding ocean currents.

25. Mainframes • Small mainframes (mid-size computers or minicomputers). • 5,000 to 5 million dollars • Used in large organizations – banks, airlines, insurance companies, colleges. • Processes billions of instructions per second. • Often used with a terminal.

26. Minicomputers • usually used for complex scientific, mathematical, and engineering calculations and for computer-aided design • Example: • designing airplanes, special effects in movies

27. Microcomputer • $500 - $5000 • Personal Computer (PC) • Tower PC • Desktop PC • Laptop / Notebook • Personal digital assistants (PDAs), also called handheld computers or palmtops • Mac • While a Mac is a PC, most people relate the term, PC, with systems that run the Windows operating system.

28. Servers Server - a central computer that holds collections of data & programs for clients Clients - PCs, workstations, & other devices attached to a server Designed Server and Server Operating System

29. What runs computers??

30. You still need the software! • System software • Helps the computer perform essential operating tasks and enables the application software to run Computer Program and Software

31. You still need the software! • Application software • Enables you to perform specific tasks--solve problems, perform work, or entertain yourself

32. Before concluding the Software • How Software Product is different from other Engineering Products

33. Some engineering products

34. Some software products

35. Software is different because.. Software is an intangible product.

36. Software is different because.. We can not see the software being developed to determine its progress. But we can see the bridge being built to determine its progress.

37. Software is different because.. We can notprove that software will not fail. But we can prove that a bridge will not fall.

38. Characteristics of IT Projects as compared to other Engineering Products • Lack of constraints • IT projects are not subject to the laws of physics and the associated constraints in the same way as, for example, civil engineering projects. • Visualization • Software is effectively invisible. This visualization problem is a source of many potential IT project failures. • Flexibility • "The ability of software to change easily in response to different user and system requirements.“

39. Characteristics of IT Projects as compared to other Engineering Products • Complexity • "Complexity is hidden more than in a conventional engineering project" • In IT, complexity is multi-dimensional, diversity • Uncertainty • “The outcome of any software project is necessarily uncertain…There is no problem ‘producing’ software – the problem is knowing what to produce”

40. Major Fields in IT • Computer Science • Software Engineering

41. Computer Science It is the study of principles, applications, and technologies of computing and computers. It involves the study of data and data structures and the algorithms to process these structures; of principles of computer architecture-both hardware and software; of problem-solving and design methodologies; of computer-related topics such as numerical analysis, operations research, and artificial intelligence; and of language design, structure, and translation technique.

42. What is Software Engineering? • The application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to development, operation, and maintenance of software; that is, the application of engineering to software. • Goals • production of quality software, • delivered on time, • within budget, • satisfying clients’ requirements

43. What is a software development process? • A set of activities whose goal is the development or evolution of software. • Generic activities in all software processes are: • Specification - what the system should do and its development constraints • Development – Design and Implementation of the software system • Validation - checking that the software is what the customer wants • Evolution - changing the software in response to changing demands.

44. Some Areas in IT Some Areas in IT

45. Database A shared collection of logically related data • Relational Database Management System - RDBMS • Tables • Relationships • Tools • MS Access • SQL Server • My SQL • Structured Query Language - SQL

46. Networks • Types • Local Area Network - LAN • Wide Area Network - WAN • Wireless Fidelity - WiFi • Virtual Private Network - VPN • Topologies • Bus • Star • Ring • Token ring • Mesh

47. Internet • Network of Networks • Browser • Uses • Email • Searching • News • File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

48. How to Search Efficiently Use the plus sign (+) to force a search for an overly common word. Use the minus sign (- ) to exclude a term from a search. No space follows these signs. A minus sign directly in front of a word or phrase will exclude if from the search To search for a phrase, supply the phrase surrounded by double quotes (" "). A period (.) serves as a single - character wildcard. An asterisk (*) represents any word. The Use of AND and OR. The number range operator ‘..’ looks for results falling inside your specified numeric range ……FileType:pdf

49. The Web Browser - URL Static & Dynamic Hosting Domain Name Registration Web Programming Web Designing Web Site

50. Artificial Intelligence Machine Translation Semantic Web Expert System Image Processing Neural Network