Sustainable Cities: Urban Land Use and Management

1. Sustainable Cities: Urban Land Use and Management Chapter 25Miller

2. Key Concepts • Distribution of urban and rural populations • Factors determining urban development • Resource and environmental problems in urban areas • Effects of transportation systems on urban growth • Planning and controlling urban growth • Making cities more sustainable and desirable

3. Urbanization and Urban Growth Why urban areas are attracting more and more people? • About one half of the world’s people live in cities/densely populated urban areas, drawn there for better jobs and a better life. • Cities provide jobs, food, housing, a better life, entertainment, and freedom from the religious, racial, and political conflicts of village life. 3. People are pushed to cities by poverty, no land, declining work, famine, and war. Developing into centers of poverty.

4. Definitions • Urban (metropolitan) area = town plus its suburbs • City = large number of people with a variety of professions who depend on resources from the outside of city boundary • Rural area = an area with a population less than 2,500 people • Village = group of rural households liked by custom, culture, family ties. Historical utilization of natural resources

5. Urbanization & Urban growth • Degree of urbanization is percentage of population living in area of greater than 2,500 people • Urban growth(rate of increase) due to: • natural increase (more births than deaths) • immigration - poor are pulled to urban areas or are pushed from rural areas • Trends of urban growth: • Increase of 2% to 45% of people in urban areas since 1950(push/pull factors) • By 2050 about 66% of the world’s people will be living in urban areas. By 2100 about 80%

6. Dhaka 13.2 million 22.8 million Karachi 10.4 million 16.2 million Beijing 10.8 million 11.7 million Los Angeles 13.3 million 14.5 million Tokyo 26.5 million 27.2 million New York 16.8 million 17.9 million Cairo 10.5 million 11.5 million Calcutta 13.3 million 16.7 million Osaka 11.0 million 11.0 million Mumbai (Bombay) 16.5 million 22.6 million Mexico City 18.3 million 20.4 million Lagos 12.2 million 24.4 million Sao Paulo 18.3 million 21.2 million Manila 10.1 million 11.5 million Jakarta 11.4 million 17.3 million Shanghai 12.8 million 13.6 million • Key • 2001(estimated) • 2015 (projected) Buenos Aires 12.1 million 13.2 million Cities at night

7. Urban trends that affect urban growth 1. Most huge urban areas are in developing countries. • The number of large cities (a million or more people) is increasing rapidly. • Megacities or megalopolises contain 10 million+ people. • A megalopolis is a merger of a city (or cities) and adjacent urban areas; Two such areas are Bowash (Boston–Washington) and Chipitts (Chicago–Pittsburgh).

8. Urbanization & Urban growth • The number of large cities is mushrooming • megacities and megalopolis • Today, more than 400 cities have over 1 mil. or more people. 19 megacities with over 10 mil. People i.e.Tokyo (28 mil), Mexico City (18 mil), New York (17 mil). • Most of growth in developing countries will be urban growth with all of its problems • Many of these cities are already short on water, have waste & pollution problems.

9. Urbanization & Urban Growth • Urban growth is slower in developed countries • 75% of the people live in cities. But by 2025 it will be 82%. • Poverty is becoming increasingly urbanized • slums, squatter settlements and shantytowns • at least 1 billion people live in crowed slums of inner cities. No access to water, sewer, electricity, education etc. 100 mil people are homeless & sleep on the streets

10. 4.5 Developing Countries 3.0 Population (billions) 1.5 Developed Countries Projections 0 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 Year

11. Mexico City Case study - Mexico City • The world’s second largest city with 18 million people or one in five Mexicans • severe air pollution (over 4 million cars) within a valley that causes an estimated 100,000 premature deaths/year • high unemployment rate, close to 50% • high crime rate • over one-third (6 million) of its residents live in slums (barrios) without running water, sewer (but running sewage), or electricity • high infection rates i.e. salmonella, hepatitis

13. United States Urbanization • Migration to large central cities • Migration from cities to suburbs • Migration from north & east to south & west • Urban sprawl, growth of low-density development on the edge of cities. Encouraged by: - availability of cheap land, (forests, agriculture fields etc.). - government loans guarantees for new single-family homes - government & state funding of highways - low-cost gasoline encourage car use - low interest mortgage

14. Major Urban Problems in U.S. • Deteriorating services • Aging infrastructures • Budget crunches from lost tax revenues as businesses and affluent people leave • Rising poverty with violence, drugs, decay • Urban sprawl - growth of low-density development on edges of cities and towns.

15. Urban sprawl • Low-density development is growing and encouraging dependence on cars. • Sprawl is a byproduct of affordable land, cars, poor urban planning, and cheap gas. What is the Problem? Problems caused have been decreased energy efficiency; increased urban flooding; destruction of cropland, forest, and open space; and longer travel time.

16. 75% of the US population live in urban areas occupying 3% of the country’s land area

17. Figure 25-4aPage 566

18. Major Spatial Patterns: models of urban structure • Concentric Circle City (NYC) • Sector City is the large urban area extending from San Francisco to San Jose, CA • Multiple Nuclei City is Los Angeles • Megalopolis is when separate cities join such as the Bowash

19. Concentric Circle Model • Central business district (CBD) • Deteriorating transition zone • Worker’s homes • Middle-class suburbs • Commuter's zone

20. Sector Model: pie shape • High-rent residential • Intermediate-rent residential • Low-rent residential • Education and recreation • Transportation • Industrial • Core (CBD)

21. Multiple-Nuclei Model : satellite cites • CBD • Wholesale, light manufacturing • Low-rent residential • Intermediate-rent residential • High-rent residential • Heavy manufacturing • Outlying business district • Residential Suburb • Industrial Suburb could form a megalopolis

22. Megacities Megacities or megalopolises contain 10 million+ people. A megalopolis is a merger of a city (or cities) and adjacent urban areas; Two such areas are Bowash (Boston–Washington) and Chipitts (Chicago–Pittsburgh).

24. Urban Resources & Environmental Problems • 45% of people living in 5% of land – cities – consume 75% of the world’s resources • Urban areas depend upon imports • Benefits of urbanization: • recycling more economically feasible • decreased birth rates reduces environmental pressures • per capita expenditures on environmental protection high in urban areas • population concentration impacts biodiversity less

25. Impacts of Urbanization

26. High resource Inputs and outputs

27. Urban Resource and Environmental Problems • Destruction of plant life - what is $ value? • Cities produce little of own food • Urban heat island effect --> dust dome • 5 ways to counteract this effect • Water supply and flooding problems • 5 ways to reduce demand on reservoirs and waste treatment systems • High pollution exposure

28. The enormous amount of heat generated creates an urban heat island(microclimate) • Additional heat changes climate of surrounding area keep air stagnet

29. Urban Resource & Environmental Problems • Excessive noise exposure  health effects • Hearing loss, hypertension, muscle tension, migraines, headaches, higher cholesterol levels, gastric ulcers, irritability, insomnia, psychological disorders, aggression

30. Urban Resource & Environmental Problems • Beneficial effects: • education • social services • medical care

31. Transportation and Urban Development • Determines where people live, where they go to work and buy stuff, how much land is paved and exposure to air pollution • Cities grow up if they can’t grow out; more prone to use mass transit • Urban sprawl due to cheap gas and land and highways; dispersed car-centered cities use 10x more energy

32. Transportation and Urban Development Trade-Offs Individual transit Buses Advantages Disadvantages Mass transit More flexible than rail system Can be rerouted as needed Cost less to develop and maintain than heavy-rail system Can greatly reduce car use and pollution Can lose money because they need low fares to attract riders Often get caught in traffic unless operating in express lanes Commit riders to transportation schedules Noisy Buses Trains Automobiles

33. Drive alone 80% Other 4% Public transit 5% Car pool 11% Motor vehicle concentration • Ground transportation: individual (cars, etc) and mass (buses and rail) • U.S. has 35% of cars and trucks used for 98% of all urban transportation • Motor scooters - effort to change to electric • Riding bicycles; less pollution and dangerous and more efficient than walking • bicycles available for public use • bike and ride systems

34. Pros and Cons of Mass transit • 3% mass transit use in U.S. to 47% in Japan • 20% gasoline tax revenues to mass transit • Rapid rail, suburban trains and trolley - efficient at high population density • High speed rail lines – replace planes, buses and private cars; but require large government subsidies • Bus systems more flexible than rail systems but efficient when full

35. Urban Land-Use Planning and Control Land-use planning: to determine best present and future -based on growth regardless of enviroimpact Property taxes Zoning : parcels of land designated for certain uses - can be used to protect or harm Smart growth: encourages development less need for cars • Discourages urban sprawl; protect eco sensitive land • Encourages mass transportation Urban growth boundary: line surrounding a city restricting growth beyond (Wash.Tenn.Oregon) Cluster development :high density housing Units concentrated on one portion of land; rest as open space

36. Solutions Smart Growth Tools Limits and Regulations Protection • Preserve existing open space • Buy new open space • Buy development rights that prohibit certain types of development on land parcels • Limit building permits • Urban growth boundaries • Green belts around cities • Public review of new development Taxes Zoning • Tax land, not buildings • Tax land on value of actual use (such as forest and agriculture) instead of highest value as developed land • Encourage mixed use • Concentrate development along mass transportation routes • Promote high-density cluster housing developments Tax Breaks • For owners agreeing legally to not allow certain types of development (conservation easements) • For cleaning up and developing abandoned urban sites (brownfields) Planning • Ecological land-use planning • Environmental impact analysis • Integrated regional planning • State and national planning Revitalization and New Growth • Revitalize existing towns and cities • Build well-planned new towns and villages • within cities

37. Creek Undeveloped land Marsh

38. Figure 25-18bPage 579 Typical housing development

39. Urban center Greenbelt Satellite towns Major highways

40. Solutions: Making Urban Areas More Livable and Sustainable Ecocities are people-oriented, preserve biodiversity, and emit low pollution. • High energy-efficient Buildings, vehicles, and appliances meet • Native trees for noise buffers, pollution reduction, and animal sanctuaries. • Urban sprawl is not allowed to gobble up. • Food is raised in the city in community gardens, garden rooftops and and solar greenhouses. There are ecocities all over the world: Waitakere City in New Zealand, Leicester in England, Portland in Oregon, and Chattanooga in Tennessee.

41. Example of a good city • Chattanooga, Tennessee, is one of the United States most sustainable and livable cites. • 1. In the 1950s, Chattanooga was an industrial wasteland with highly polluted air and toxic water. • Local officials and citizens transformed Chattanooga into a beautiful city with zero-emission industry, • zero-emission electric buses, • satellite parking with bus service, • extensive recycling programs, • and new tourist attractions.