Warm-Up – 9/23 – 10 minutes

1. Warm-Up – 9/23 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • What is the axis of flight that runs from the nose tip to the tail of the aircraft? • Describes what happens to an aircraft when the CG moves rearward. • When flaps are extended during takeoff, what do they provide to the aircraft? • What are the two ways to steer an aircraft while on the ground? • What instrument is used to display attitude?

2. Questions / Comments

3. Warm-Up – 9/23 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • What is the axis of flight that runs from the nose tip to the tail of the aircraft? • Describes what happens to an aircraft when the CG moves rearward. • When flaps are extended during takeoff, what do they provide to the aircraft? • What are the two ways to steer an aircraft while on the ground? • What instrument is used to display attitude?

4. Lift and Basic Aerodynamics • The longitudinal or roll axis extends through the aircraft from nose to tail, with the line passing through the CG.

5. Warm-Up – 9/23 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • What is the axis of flight that runs from the nose tip to the tail of the aircraft? • Describes what happens to an aircraft when the CG moves rearward. • When flaps are extended during takeoff, what do they provide to the aircraft? • What are the two ways to steer an aircraft while on the ground? • What instrument is used to display attitude?

6. Lift and Basic Aerodynamics • The position of the CG of an aircraft determines the stability of the aircraft in flight. • As the CG moves rearward (towards the tail) the aircraft becomes more and more dynamically unstable.

7. Warm-Up – 9/23 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • What is the axis of flight that runs from the nose tip to the tail of the aircraft? • Describes what happens to an aircraft when the CG moves rearward. • When flaps are extended during takeoff, what do they provide to the aircraft? • What are the two ways to steer an aircraft while on the ground? • What instrument is used to display attitude?

8. Major ComponentsWings • The flaps are normally flush with the wing’s surface during cruising flight. • When extended, the flaps move simultaneously downward to increase the lifting force of the wing for takeoffs and landings.

9. Warm-Up – 9/23 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • What is the axis of flight that runs from the nose tip to the tail of the aircraft? • Describes what happens to an aircraft when the CG moves rearward. • When flaps are extended during takeoff, what do they provide to the aircraft? • What are the two ways to steer an aircraft while on the ground? • What instrument is used to display attitude?

10. Major ComponentsLanding Gear • Most aircraft are steered by moving the rudder pedals, whether nosewheel or tailwheel. • Additionally, some aircraft are steered by using differential braking (alternating the application of brakes on one side then the other).

11. Warm-Up – 9/23 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • What is the axis of flight that runs from the nose tip to the tail of the aircraft? • Describes what happens to an aircraft when the CG moves rearward. • When flaps are extended during takeoff, what do they provide to the aircraft? • What are the two ways to steer an aircraft while on the ground? • What instrument is used to display attitude?

12. Instrumentation: Control • The control instruments display immediate attitude and power changes, and are calibrated to permit adjustments in precise increments. • The instrument for attitude display is the attitude indicator.

13. Questions / Comments

14. THIS DAY IN AVIATION • September 23 • 1910 — Peruvian Georges Chavez, who flies over the Simplon Pass between Italy and Switzerland, makes the first airplane flight over the Alps.

15. THIS DAY IN AVIATION • September 23 • 1911 — Earl Ovington carries the first airmail in the United States in a Blériot monoplane from Nassau Boulevard Aerodome, Long Island to Mineola, Long Island.

16. THIS DAY IN AVIATION • September 23 • 1913 — French pilot, Roland Garros, becomes the first person to fly across the Mediterranean, a distance of 470 miles. • He lands in Tunisia 7 hours and 53 minutes after taking off from France, which is of particular note because he only had enough fuel for 8 hours of flight.

17. THIS DAY IN AVIATION • September 23 • 1921 — Day and night of bombardment tests resulted in sinking of the battleship USS Alabama.

18. THIS DAY IN AVIATION • September 23 • 1928 — Eleven over 23 entrants finish in Los Angeles-Cincinnati Air Derby. • Robert A. Drake wins Class A Race in American Moth plane (American Cirrus), Charles W. Holman wins Class B Race in Laird (Wright Whirlwind), and Arthur Goebel wins the non-stop race in a Lockheed Vega (Pratt & Whitney Wasp), his time 15 hours 17 minutes 30 seconds.

19. THIS DAY IN AVIATION • September 23 • 1934 — The Gordon Bennett Balloon Race is won by F. Hynek and W. Pomaski of Poland, traveling 826.77 miles from Warsaw to Anna, Russia.

20. THIS DAY IN AVIATION • September 25 • 1903 — The Wright brothers arrive at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina to begin tests of their first powered aircraft.

21. THIS DAY IN AVIATION • September 25 • 1918 - Capt. Eddie Rickenbacker, 94th Aero squadron, attacks seven enemy aircraft, shooting down two and is awarded the first Medal of Honor given for air activity.

22. THIS DAY IN AVIATION • September 27 • 1913 — Katherine Stinson becomes the first woman in the United States to make an official airmail flight.

23. THIS DAY IN AVIATION • September 27 • 1922 — Dr. Albert Taylor and Leo Young, scientists at the US Naval Aircraft Radio Laboratory, make the first successful detections of objects by “radio observation.” • They use wireless waves to detect objects not visible due to weather or darkness. • This insight leads to the advent of radar.

24. THIS DAY IN AVIATION • September 27 • 1956 — The first piloted airplane to exceed Mach 3 is the rocket-powered Bell X-2.

25. THIS DAY IN AVIATION • September 27 • 1991 — SAC forces stand down from Alert status.

26. Questions / Comments

27. Chapter 3 – Principles of Flight FAA – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

28. Today’s Mission Requirements • Mission: • Identify in writing the fundamental physical laws governing the forces acting on an aircraft in flight. • Describe in writing the effect these natural laws and forces have on the performance characteristics of an aircraft. • Describe in writing the means a pilot must understand the principles involved and learn to use or counteract these natural forces. • EQ: Describe the importance of Aeronautical Knowledge for the student pilot learning to fly.

29. Sporty’ s Learn to Fly

30. Introduction • To control an aircraft, be it an airplane, helicopter, glider, or balloon, the pilot must understand the principles involved and learn to use or counteract these natural forces.

31. Today’s Mission Requirements • Mission: • Discuss the layers of the atmosphere, its composition and height. • Describe the atmospheric properties of pressure, temperature, and density • EQ: Explain the basics of aeronautics and aerodynamics.

32. Airdynamics

33. The Realm of Flight • The science of aerodynamics involves the study of airflow around an aircraft, passage of air through a jet engine and even the thrust of energy from a rocket motor.

34. The Realm of Flight • The layers of the atmosphere: • Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere • The atmosphere is a mixture of gases • 79% nitrogen • 21% oxygen • 1% of other gases • The atmosphere extends to about 100 miles (approx. 528,000 ft)

36. Pressure • Top layer of atmosphere has less pressure • Pressure is greatest at Earth’s surface • Pressure decreases with increase in altitude • “Standard Pressure” is 14.7 psi or 29.92 inches

37. Temperature • Temperature is a measure of energy • The hotter the air, the more energy it has inside and the faster the molecules move around. • Temperature decreases approx 3 ½ degrees for every 1,000 ft increase in altitude • Decrease occurs up to about 38,000 ft

38. Density • Density of air means how many molecules are squeezed into a given volume. • Higher density air is squeezed more tightly than lower density air. • Cool day at sea level, air is dense – aircraft perform very well.

39. Density • Air at higher altitudes has less pressure – it is also less dense. • Density is also related to temperature. • As air is heated, the molecules move farther apart • Which means there is a decrease in density • On a hot day, aircraft in high altitudes have difficulty taking off – air is too thin

40. Structure of the Atmosphere • The atmosphere is composed of 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen, and 1 percent other gases, such as argon or helium.

41. Structure of the Atmosphere • The heavier elements, such as oxygen, settle to the surface of the Earth, while the lighter elements are lifted up to the region of higher altitude. • Most of the atmosphere’s oxygen is contained below 35,000 feet altitude.

42. Atmospheric Pressure • Pilots are mainly concerned with atmospheric pressure.

43. Atmospheric Pressure • Itis one of the basic factors in weather changes, helps to lift an aircraft, and actuates some of the important flight instruments.

44. Atmospheric Pressure • These instruments are the altimeter, airspeed indicator, vertical speed indicator, and manifold pressure gauge.

45. Atmospheric Pressure • Air is very light, but it has mass and is affected by the attraction of gravity. • It has weight • It has force • It is a fluid substance • Its effect on bodies within the air is called pressure.

46. Atmospheric Pressure • Under standard conditions at sea level, the average pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere is approximately 14.70 pounds per square inch (psi)of surface, or 1,013.2 millibars (mb).

47. Atmospheric Pressure • The standard atmosphere at sea level is: • temperature of 59 °F or 15 °C • surface pressure of 29.92 inches of mercury

48. Atmospheric Pressure • A standard temperature lapse rate is one in which the temperature decreases at the rate of approximately 3.5 °F or 2 °C per thousand feet up to 36,000 feet which is approximately -65 °F or -55 °C.

49. Atmospheric Pressure • Since aircraft performance is compared and evaluated with respect to the standard atmosphere, all aircraft instruments are calibrated for the standard atmosphere.

50. Pressure Altitude • Pressure altitude is 29.92 "Hg as measured by a barometer. • An altimeter is essentially a sensitive barometer calibrated to indicate altitude in the standard atmosphere.