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WATER SUPPLY

WATER SUPPLY. Murray Biedler July 09, 2012 . WATER NEEDS. Drinking Food Prep Hygiene / Washing Agric / Stock. CHARACTERISTICS of WATER SUPPLY. Quantity Quality Access and Sources Treatment Not static … constantly changing. WATER QUANTITY. Europe 150-litres/p/ day average

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WATER SUPPLY

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  1. WATER SUPPLY Murray Biedler July 09, 2012

  2. WATER NEEDS Drinking Food Prep Hygiene / Washing Agric / Stock

  3. CHARACTERISTICSofWATER SUPPLY • Quantity • Quality • Access and Sources • Treatment Not static… constantlychanging

  4. WATER QUANTITY • Europe 150-litres/p/dayaverage • Emergencies • 20-litres/p/day minimum • 5-litres/p/day: opening of emergency • Health centre: 1-2 litres/consultation • Hospital: 40-60 litres/patient/day (100 for surgery) • Therapeuticfeeding centre: 30 litres / child / day • Cattle: 30 l/animal/day • Small animals: 5 l/animal/day

  5. WATER QUALITY • Bacteriologicalqualitylinked to: • Faecal contamination indicative of pathogens (e.g. cholera or typhoid) (rapidassessment in field) • Chemicalqualitylinked to: • Geologicalsurroundings, agricultural or otherindustrial/commercial activities (rapidassessment difficult labrequired)

  6. WATER QUALITY GoodQuality: • Containsnopathogens • Low concentration of toxicproducts • Clear (low turbidity) • Is nottoosaltyormineralized • Colour, odour and taste acceptable

  7. WATER ACCESS:CHALLENGES Time Cost Distance & Security

  8. WATER ACESS: SOURCES • Surface water • rivers, lakes, ponds (accessseasonal) • Ground water • Difficultaccess but canbebetterquality • Precipitation • Seasonal: rain, snow, fog capture

  9. WATER ACCESS: SURFACE On site pumps to storage / tower Gravity network, pipes & taps

  10. WATER ACCESS: GROUNDWATER • Hand-dugwells: hand pumps, buckets • Boreholes (shallow & deep) pumps: hand, motor, solar, wind…

  11. WATER ACCESS: SPRINGS Springs: on site pumps or gravity into networks, pipes & taps

  12. WATER ACCESS: PRECIPITATION Rainwater collection gravity to tanks networks, pipes & taps

  13. WATER ACCESS: STORAGE • Storage providesavailability on regular basis • Storage tanks provide: • Treatment of large volumes • Pressure withgravity • Dams: surface and subsurface; seasonal & precipitationconstraints

  14. WATER ACCESS DISTRIBUTION • 1 tap/200 persons for displaced populations • Healthfacilities: taps for staff, patients & visitors • Container distribution

  15. WATER TREATMENT • Chlorinationsimplest & most efficient way to killmicro-organisms • Residualchlorinenecessary to attackfurther contaminations • Chlorinationbecomes inefficient if the water istoodirty or turbid

  16. SEDIMENTATION & FILTRATION • Water storeduntilsuspendedparticlessettle • Water canbefilteredwithsand or otherdesignedmaterials • Coagulation-flocculation for heavyturbidityusingchemicals (e.g.ferricchloride or aluminium sulphate)

  17. DOMESTIC STORAGE Container lid or top (e.g: jerrycan) or a narrowopening (transport) kept clean regularlydosed for residualchlorine (storage)

  18. ADAPTED WATER SUPPLY MAIN ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED NEEDS ANALYSIS TECHNICAL OPTIONS SANITATION AND HYGIENE ENSURING QUALITY POTENTIAL SOURCES AVAILABLE QUANTITY

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