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China and Japan

China and Japan. Ming China, 1368-1644. The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). Ming (“Brilliant”) dynasty comes to power after Mongol Yuan dynasty driven out Founded by Emperor Hongwu (r. 1368-1398) Used traveling officials called Mandarins and large number of eunuchs to maintain control

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China and Japan

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  1. China and Japan

  2. Ming China, 1368-1644

  3. The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) • Ming (“Brilliant”) dynasty comes to power after Mongol Yuan dynasty driven out • Founded by Emperor Hongwu (r. 1368-1398) • Used traveling officials called Mandarins and large number of eunuchs to maintain control • Emperor Yongle (r. 1403-1424) experiments with sea expeditions, moves capital north to Beijing to deter Mongol attacks

  4. Eradicating the Mongol Past • Ming emperors encourage abandonment of Mongol names, dress • Support study of Confucian classics • Civil service examinations renewed

  5. Ming Decline • 16th century maritime pirates harm coastal trade • Navy, government unable to respond effectively • Emperors secluded in Forbidden City, palace compound in Beijing • Hedonists • Emperor Wanli (r. 1572-1620) abandons imperial activity to eunuchs

  6. Ming Collapse • Famine, peasant rebellions in early 17th century • Rebels take Beijing in 1644 • Manchu fighters enter from the north and retake city • Manchus refuse to allow reestablishment of Ming dynasty • Establish Qing (“Pure”) Dynasty

  7. The Qing empire, 1644-1911

  8. The Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) • Manchus originally pastoral nomads, north of Great Wall • Chieftan Nurhaci (r. 1616-1626) unifies tribes into state, develops laws, military • Establishes control over Korea, Mongolia, China • War with Ming loyalists to 1680 • Support from many Chinese, fed up with Ming corruption • Manchus forbid intermarriage, study of Manchu language by Chinese, force Manchu hairstyles as sign of loyalty

  9. Qing Dynasty:What did China look like? • Qing Dynasty – founded by Manchus (from Manchuria) – many Chinese resisted • Rebellions flared up periodically for decades • Manchus slowly earned respect • Upheld China’s traditional Confucian beliefs • Made frontiers safe & restored prosperity

  10. Classes in Chinese Society • Privileged Classes • Scholar-bureaucrats, gentry • Distinctive clothing with ranks • Immunity from some legal proceedings, taxes, labor service • Working classes • Peasants, artisans/workers, merchants • Confucian doctrine gives greatest status to peasants • Merchant activity not actively supported • Lower classes • Military, beggars, slaves

  11. The “Son of Heaven” • Ming, Qing Emperors considered quasi-divine • Hundreds of concubines, thousands of eunuch servants • Clothing designs, name characters forbidden to rest of population • The kowtow: three bows, nine head-knocks

  12. Emperor Kangxi (r. 1661-1722) • Confucian scholar, poet • Military conquests: island of Taiwan, Tibet, central Asia • Grandson Emperor Qianlong (r. 1736-1795) expands territory • Height of Qing dynasty • Great prosperity, tax collection cancelled on several occasions

  13. Qing Dynasty:Kangxi (1661-1722) • Reduced gov’t expenses, lowered taxes • Gained support of intellectuals by offering them gov’t positions • Jesuits told him of European achievements in science, medicine, and math

  14. The Civil Service Examinations • District, provincial, and metropolitan levels • Only 300 allowed to pass at highest level • Multiple attempts common • Students expected to bring bedding, chamber pots for three-day uninterrupted examinations • Students searched for printed materials before entering private cells

  15. The Civil Service Examinations

  16. Participants leave the examination site after the first section of the annual national civil service examination to select government officials in Hefei, Anhui province Dec 5, 2010. More than 1.4 million people have been accepted to sit in China's 2011 national civil service examination to select government officials. The written test was held on Sunday in major cities across China.[Photo/Agencies

  17. The Scholar-Bureaucrats • Ran government on a day-to-day basis • Graduates from intense civil service examinations • Open only to men • Curriculum: Confucian classics, calligraphy, poetry, essay writing • Also: history, literature

  18. Gender Relations • Males receive preferential status • Economic factor: girls join husband’s family • Infanticide common • Men control divorce • Grounds: from infidelity to talking too much • Sons Favored • Only sons allowed to perform religious rituals • Raised his own family under parents’ roof - help aging parents on farm • Females not valued – many infants girls killed

  19. Women • Role of Women • Worked in fields, supervised children’s education, managed family finances • Some found jobs working as midwives or textile workers • Widows strongly encouraged not to remarry • Chaste widows honored with ceremonial arches

  20. Footbinding • Origins in Song dynasty (960-1279 CE) • Linen strips binds and deforms female child’s feet • Perceived aesthetic value • Statement of social status and/or expectations • Commoners might bind feet of especially pretty girls to enhance marriage prospects

  21. Woman with Bound Feet

  22. Bound Foot

  23. Chinese Population Growth

  24. Population Growth and Economic Development • Only 11% of China arable • Intense, garden-style agriculture necessary • Farmers produced more food • American food crops introduced in 17th century • Maize, sweet potatoes, peanuts • Rebellion and war reduce population in 17th century • Offset by increase due to American crops • People lived longer, families expanded

  25. Foreign Trade • Silk, porcelain, tea, lacquerware • Chinese in turn import relatively little • Spices, animal skins, woolen textiles • Paid for exports with silver bullion from Americas • After Emperor Yongle’s early maritime expeditions (1405-1433), Ming dynasty abandons large-scale maritime trade plans • In part to appease southern populations

  26. Trade in Southeast Asia • Chinese merchants continue to be active in southeast Asia, esp. Manila • Extensive dealings with Dutch VOC

  27. Government and Technology • During Tang and Song dynasties (7th-13th centuries), China a world leader in technology • Stagnates during Ming and Qing dynasties • European cannons purchased, based on early Chinese invention of gunpowder • Government suppressed technological advancement, fearing social instability would result • Mass labor over productivity

  28. Tokugawa Japan:Cultural Developments • Traditional culture thrived • New types of fiction began to emerge – realistic stories about self-made merchants or hardships of life • Haiku – type of poetry that presented images rather than ideals • Kabuki theater – skits about modern life

  29. Qing Dynasty:Cultural Developments • Based mainly on traditional forms • Valued technique over creativity • Pottery – high-quality ceramics (porcelain) • Drama popular b/c literacy rates were low • Focused on Chinese history & cultural heroes

  30. Qing Dynasty:Isolation Continues • Those that wished to trade w/ China had to follow certain rules: • Trade at special ports • Tribute • “Kowtow” ritual (kneeling before emperor & touching head to ground 9 times) “There is nothing we lack, as your principal envoy and others have themselves observed. We have never set much store on strange or ingenious objects, nor do we need any more of your country’s manufactures.” - Qian-Long, from a letter to King George III of Great Britain

  31. Neo-Confucianism • Version of Confucian thought promoted by Zhu Xi (1130-1200 CE) • Confucian morality with Buddhist logic • Education at various levels promoted • Hanlin Academy, Beijing • Provincial schools • Compilation of massive Yongle Encyclopedia • Development of popular novels as well

  32. Christianity in China • Nestorian, Roman Catholic Christians had presence in China • Disappeared with plague and social chaos of 14th century • Jesuits return under Matteo Ricci (1552-1610), attempt to convert Ming Emperor Wanli • Mastered Chinese before first visit in 1601 • Brought western mechanical technology • Prisms, harpsichords, clocks

  33. Oda Nobunaga (1568-1582) “Rule the empire by force.” - Oda Nobunaga • Wanted to eliminate remaining enemies • 1575 – Nobunaga’s 3,000 soldiers armed w/ muskets crushed enemy force of samurai cavalry • 1st time firearms had been used effectively in battle in Japan • Committed seppuku (ritual suicide of samurai)

  34. Impact on Social Structure:Tokugawa Japan • Societal Structure • Emperor top rank (figurehead only) • Actual ruler was shogun – military commander • Daimyo – landholding samurai • Samurai warriors • Peasants (4/5 of population) & Artisans • Merchants • Role of Women • W/ rise of commercial centers, found jobs in entertainment, textile manufacturing, & publishing • Most led sheltered lives as peasant wives * Confucian values important *Farmers made ideal citizens

  35. Tokugawa Shogunate (military gov’t):Tokugawa Ieyasu (1603-1616)

  36. Tokugawa Shogunate (military gov’t):Tokugawa Ieyasu (1603-1616) • Defeated his rivals at Battle of Sekigahara • Victory earned him loyalty of daimyo throughout Japan • 1603 – Became sole ruler (shogun) • Moved capital to Edo (later Tokyo) • Enacted policies that resulted in the rule of law overcoming the rule of the sword

  37. Tokugawa Japan:Policy of Isolation • 1639 – Shoguns realized that they could safely exclude both missionaries and merchants • Sealed Japan’s borders, except Nagasaki • Commercial contacts w/ Euro. ended • 200+ years – Japan remained closed & citizens could not leave • Continued to develop self-sufficiently

  38. Confucianism and Christianity • Argued that Christianity was consistent with Confucianism • Differences due to Neo-Confucian distortions • Yet few converts in China • Approx. 200,000 mid 18th century, about 0.08 percent of population • Christian absolutism difficult for Chinese to accept • Franciscans and Dominicans convince Pope that Jesuits compromising Christianity with Chinese traditions (e.g. ancestor worship) • Emperor Kangxi bans Christian preaching in China

  39. The Unification of Japan • Shoguns rule Japan, 12th-16th centuries • Large landholders with private armies • Emperor merely a figurehead • Constant civil war: 16th century sengoku, “country at war” • Tokugawa Ieyasu (r. 1600-1616) establishes military government • Bakufu: “tent government” • Establishes Tokugawa dynasty (1600-1867)

  40. Tokugawa Japan, 1600-1867

  41. Control of Daimyo (“Great Names”) • Approximately 260 powerful territorial lords • Independent militaries, judiciaries, schools, foreign relations, etc. • From capital Edo (Tokyo), shogun requires “alternate attendance”: daimyo forced to spend every other year at court • Controlled marriage, socializing of daimyo families • Beginning 1630s, shoguns restrict foreign relations • Travel, import of books forbidden • Policy strictly maintained for 200 years

  42. Economic Growth in Japan • End of civil conflict contributes to prosperity • New crop strains, irrigation systems improve agricultural production • Yet population growth moderate • Contraception, late marriage, abortion • Infanticide: “thinning out the rice shoots”

  43. Population Growth

  44. Social Change • End of civil disturbances create massive unemployment of Daimyo, Samurai warriors • Encouraged to join bureaucracy, scholarship • Many declined to poverty • Urban wealthy classes develop from trade activity

  45. Neo-Confucianism in Japan • Chinese cultural influence extends through Tokugawa period • Chinese language essential to curriculum • Zhu Xi and Neo-Confucianism remains popular • “Native Learning” also popular in 18th century • Folk traditions, Shinto

  46. Floating Worlds (ukiyo) • Urban culture expressed in entertainment, pleasure industries • Marked contrast to bushido ethic of Stoicism • Ihara Saikaku (1642-1693), The Life of a Man Who Lived for Love • Kabuki theatre, men playing women’s roles • Bunraku puppet theatre

  47. Christianity in Japan • Jesuit Francis Xavier in Japan, 1549 • Remarkable success among daimyo • Daimyo also hoping to establish trade relations with Europeans • Government backlash • Fear of foreign intrusion • Confucians, Buddhists resent Christian absolutism • Anti-Christian campaign 1587-1639 restricts Christianity, executes staunch Christians • Sometimes by crucifixion

  48. Persecution of Catholics

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