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PVC use in the transport of drinking water

PVC use in the transport of drinking water. Presented By Sherry Sandreth Ph.D Student Walden University Instructor: Dr. Raymond Thron PUBH 8165-3 Winter Quarter 2009-2010. Objectives. Provide an overview of PVC chemical make up.

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PVC use in the transport of drinking water

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  1. PVC use in the transport of drinking water Presented By Sherry Sandreth Ph.D Student Walden University Instructor: Dr. Raymond Thron PUBH 8165-3 Winter Quarter 2009-2010

  2. Objectives • Provide an overview of PVC chemical make up. • Discuss PVC life cycle and environmental impact. • Provide an overview of PVC use in construction. • Discuss current research findings regarding PVC. • Discuss safer alternatives to PVC.

  3. What is PVC? • Polyvinyl chloride • Also known as ‘blue vinyl’

  4. Lifecycle • Production • Use • Disposal • Thornton, J. 2002. Environmental impacts of polyvinyl chloride building materials – A Healthy Building Network • report. Washington, DC: Healthy Building Network. Online: http://www.healthybuilding.net/pvc/Thornton_Enviro_ • Impacts_of_PVC.pdf

  5. Production Environmental Hazards • Chemicals • Byproducts

  6. ProductionVinyl Chloride Chlorine Gas Ethylene Dichloride (EDC) Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM) • Thornton, J. 2002. Environmental impacts of polyvinyl chloride building materials – A Healthy Building Network • report. Washington, DC: Healthy Building Network. Online: http://www.healthybuilding.net/pvc/Thornton_Enviro_ • Impacts_of_PVC.pdf • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2006. Landfill gas primer an overview for environmental • health professionals. Atlanta, GA: Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Online: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=281&tid=51

  7. Did you know? • VCM effects on • Breathing • Skin Contact • Children • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2006. Landfill gas primer an overview for environmental • health professionals. Atlanta, GA: Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Online: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=281&tid=51

  8. ProductionMercury • Used in manufacturing chlorine gas • Estimated to reach 1,000 tons by 2010 • PVC is estimated to be the second largest user of mercury globally • Bailey, M. 2007. “Global sources of mercury pollution: What they are and what we can do.” Powerpoint presentation. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of International Affairs. Online: http://www.ecos.org/files/2760_file_Global_Mercury_presentation_for_ECOS_4_07.ppt • Center for Health, Environment and Justice (CHEJ), PVC-Free Guide for your Family & Home. Retrieved on January 18, 2010 from http://www.besafenet.com/pvc/documents/PVC-Guide-1.pdf • National Academy of Sciences (NAS). 2000. Toxicological effects of Methylmercury. Committee on the Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life • Sciences National Research Council, Washington, DC • Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). 2006. NRDC submission to United Nations Environment Programme • in response to March 2006 request for information on mercury supply, demand and trade. Online: http://www. • zeromercury.org/UNEP_developments/060516UNEPTRADESUBMISSIONMAY2006.pdf

  9. ProductionByproducts • Dioxins • Forms accidently • Highly toxic • Bioaccumulation • Thornton, J. 2002. Environmental impacts of polyvinyl chloride building materials – A Healthy Building Network report. Washington, DC: Healthy Building Network. Online: http://www.healthybuilding.net/pvc/Thornton_Enviro_Impacts_of_PVC.pdf

  10. ProductionStabilizers • Cadmium • Phthalates • Lead • Thornton, J. 2002. Environmental impacts of polyvinyl chloride building materials – A Healthy Building Network report. Washington, DC: Healthy Building Network. Online: http://www.healthybuilding.net/pvc/Thornton_Enviro_Impacts_of_PVC.pdf

  11. During use • Off gassing • Leaching • Center for Health, Environment and Justice (CHEJ), PVC-Free Guide for your Family & Home. Retrieved on January 18, 2010 from http://www.besafenet.com/pvc/documents/PVC-Guide-1.pdf

  12. Reuse • PVC cannot be recycled • When heated • hydrogen chloride • Hydrochloric Acid • Blue Vinyl, The Lifecycle of Vinyl: Past, Present and Future Harm, 2002. Retrieved on January, 18, 2010 from http://www.bluevinyl.org/PVC.pdf • Thomas Jefferson Planning District Commission, nd. Retrieved on January 25, 2010 from http://www.tjpdc.org/housing/Green_Building_sourcebook/greenBuilding_Siding.asp

  13. Disposal • Incineration • Ash carries through wind currents and falls on land, animals and water sources. • EPA estimates 1,000 grams of dioxins and furans may be released into the air each year from landfill fires resulting in the largest source of dioxins in the U.S. • Environmental Protection Agency, 2002. Retrieved on January 20, 2010 from http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/fa-225.pdf

  14. PVC used in …. • Health care • Building materials • Children’s toys • Shower curtains • Office supplies • Packaging • Center for Health, Environment and Justice (CHEJ), PVC-Free Guide for your Family & Home. Retrieved on January 18, 2010 from http://www.besafenet.com/pvc/documents/PVC-Guide-1.pdf

  15. Attributes • Inexpensive • Readily available • Easy to work with • Going Green: A Resource Kit for Pollution Prevention in Health Care, 2006. Retrieved on January 3, 2010 from http://www.healthybuilding.net/healthcare/Why-Health-Care-is-Moving.pdf

  16. PVC in construction • Wide spread use • Lack of federal regulation • Center for Health, Environment and Justice (CHEJ), PVC-Free Guide for your Family & Home. Retrieved on January 18, 2010 from http://www.besafenet.com/pvc/documents/PVC-Guide-1.pdf • M. Raynaud, Proceedings Plastics Pipes XII, Milan, Italy April 19-22, 2004. Retrieved on January 18, 2010 fromhttp://www.plasticstrends.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=7&Itemid=33

  17. Lead in Drinking Water • Lead leaches from brass and chrome-plated brass fixtures and solder used on copper pipes that corrode. • Even lead –free fixtures ‘can contain up to 8% lead’ • Environmental Protection Agency, Consumer Factsheet on Lead in Drinking Water, (2006) Retrieved on January 18, 2010 from http://www.epa.gov/safewater/lead/

  18. PVC research • Toxic chemicals found in PVC pipes compared to other alternatives • Metal ions • Lead • Monomethyltin (MMT) • Dimethylthin (DMT) • Monobutyltin (MBT) • Dibutyltin (DBT) J. S., Y. (2008). Chloramine Complexities. Science, 320(5876), 586. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database. Mundy, W., & Freudenrich, T. (2006). Apoptosis of cerebellar granule cells induced by organotin compounds found in drinking water: Involvement of MAP kinases. NeuroToxicology, 27(1), 71-81. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2005.07.007.

  19. Lead, Iron & Zinc • ‘PVC pipes are the most lead releasing pipes while PP (polypropylene) are the least releasing’ • PVC pipes can cause a higher metal leaching of zinc and lead from brass faucets. • Lasheen, M., Sharaby, C., El-Kholy, N., Elsherif, I., & El-Wakeel, S. (2008). Factors influencing lead and iron release from some Egyptian drinking water pipes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 160(2/3), 675-680. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.040. • Science Dalily, Lead Leaching And Faucet Corrosion In PVC Home Plumbing, (2008). Retrieved on January 18, 2010 from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080602091241.htm

  20. Dibutyltin (DBT) • ‘humans are exposed to DBT by direct uptake from drinking water due to leaching from PVC water distribution pipes.’ • Gumy, C., Chandsawangbhuwana, C., Dzyakanchuk, A., Kratschmar, D., Baker, M., & Odermatt, A. (2008). Dibutyltin disrupts glucocorticoid receptor function and impairs glucocorticoid-induced suppression of cytokine production. Plos One, 3(10), e3545. Retrieved from MEDLINE with Full Text database.

  21. PVC and bacteria • PVC can harbor bacteria even in chlorinated water • Silbaq, F. (2009). Viable ultramicrocells in drinking water. Journal Of Applied Microbiology, 106(1), 106-117. Retrieved from MEDLINE with Full Text database. • Vess, R., Anderson, R., Carr, J., Bond, W., & Favero, M. (1993). The colonization of solid PVC surfaces and the acquisition of resistance to germicides by water micro-organisms. The Journal Of Applied Bacteriology, 74(2), 215-221. Retrieved from MEDLINE with Full Text database.

  22. Current legislation • PVC piping for water supply is still allowed per Oregon building codes • Oregon state plumbing codes, 2010. Retrieved on January 18, 2010 from http://www.cbs.state.or.us/external/bcd/programs/mdprogram/MH/Chapter_7.pdf

  23. Dioxin Phase Out • Global per Stockholm Convention • Great Lakes through the U.S. and Candian Great Lakes Binational Toxics Strategy • United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2000. Final report: UNEP/POPS/INC.4/5—Report of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for an international legally binding instrument for implementing • international action on certain persistent organic pollutants on the work of its fourth session. Geneva: Bonn, 20–25 March. • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1995. Air emissions from municipal solid waste landfills – • Background information for final standards and guidelines, final EIS. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, EPA-453/R-94-021. Research Triangle Park, NC, December. • Thornton, J. 2002. Environmental impacts of polyvinyl chloride building materials – A Healthy Building Network report. Washington, DC: Healthy Building Network. Online: http://www.healthybuilding.net/pvc/Thornton_Enviro_ Impacts_of_PVC.pdf

  24. PVC Phase out • City of San Francisco (banned in water piping) • New York State (banned in water piping) • EPA headquarters in Washington DC • US Navy & Air Force • NASA • Clean Water Pipe Council, nd. Retrieved on January 15, 2010 from http://www.cleanwaterpipecouncil.org/#jump4

  25. Alternatives • Ductile iron • High-density polyethylene (HDPE) • Concrete • Copper • Polyethylene (PEX) • Clean Water Pipe Council, nd. Retrieved on January 15, 2010 from http://www.cleanwaterpipecouncil.org/#jump4

  26. Costs • Alternative options • Retrofitting • New construction

  27. Public Awareness • Community involvement • General public • Contractors • Home building supply companies • Water supply companies • Building code representatives • Specialist in the field

  28. Question & Answers

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