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Heat Pumps in Buildings - State of the art Jos W.J. Bouma EC Workshop Malmö, 6-7 Sept. 2001

Heat Pumps in Buildings - State of the art Jos W.J. Bouma EC Workshop Malmö, 6-7 Sept. 2001. Presentation outline. Market review Technology review International R&D Building-related R&D Conclusions. World demand for small air conditioners and heat pumps. Heat pump market (2000).

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Heat Pumps in Buildings - State of the art Jos W.J. Bouma EC Workshop Malmö, 6-7 Sept. 2001

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  1. Heat Pumps in Buildings - State of the art Jos W.J. Bouma EC Workshop Malmö, 6-7 Sept. 2001

  2. Presentation outline • Market review • Technology review • International R&D • Building-related R&D • Conclusions

  3. World demand for small air conditioners and heat pumps

  4. Heat pump market (2000) Region Residential Commercial/institutional Europe 4.5 million > 1.5 million USA 15 million 4 million Asia 87 million 10 million World 110 million 15 million

  5. Market characteristics Europe • Widely diverse • Different maturity • Early stage of development (except: SE, ES, I, GR) • Relevant factors: • climate • co-existence cooling/heating demand • electricity/fossil fuel price ratio

  6. Residential heat pump market Europe Country Size range (1999) NL, NO, UK, FI 500 - 25,000 DK, CH 25,000 - 60,000 AT, F 60,000 - 150,000 DE. GR, I, ES, SE > 150,000

  7. Annual sales residential heat pumps • Country Sales (1999) • DK, FI, NL, UK 500 - 1,000 • AT, DE, NO 1,000 - 5,000 • F, CH 5,000 - 10,000 • SE 20,000 • ES, GR 90,000 • I 135,000

  8. Heat pump technology • Electric compression: virtually all appliances • Gas absorption: field test/limited available • Refrigerants: HCFC-22, HFC-134a, HFC-407C, HFC- 410A and hydrocarbons (Europe)

  9. Heat pump heat sources • Air-cooled (Air-to-air): 77% • Ground-coupling growing (CH, SE, AT: 40, 65, 82%) • Ventilation air (NO, SE: 41, 30%)

  10. Heat pump heat sinks • Air (Mediterranean countries) • Water • floor/wall • radiators • fan coils

  11. Heat pump space heating World 0 - 10% Japan 28% Europe 0 - 5%

  12. International heat pump R&D • EC • IEA • ASHRAE • 21-CR (ARTI) • ECO Energy City Project (Japan)

  13. Driving forces for R&D • Environmental concern and international agreements: MP; KP (governments/societies/industry/utilities) • (Lack of) energy resources/energy efficiency (governments/societies) • Market share (industry) • Retaining customers (utilities) • in common: CHANGE

  14. Key areas for heat pump R&D • Working fluids • N.America/Japan • (Parts of) Europe • Performance improvement • Initial cost reduction • Proper design and installation • Indoor environmental quality • Widening of application

  15. Main R&D thrust USA/Japan • US • Energy efficiency and maximising energy productivity • New refrigerants (minimum loss), absorption technology; ground source systems, ARTI: 21-CR • Japan • Ice/water thermal storage heat pumps • EEC (recovery, conversion, transport, controls etc.)

  16. IEA Framework

  17. IEA heat pump R&D • Annex 25: Year-round residential space conditioning systems using heat pumps • Annex 26: Advanced supermarket refrigeration/heat recovery systems • Annex 27: Selected issues on CO2 as working fluid in compression systems • Annex 28: Sorption heat recovery systems - market and environmental impact for cooling and heating

  18. 21 CR R&D programme - ARTI • Alternatives for compression cycles for HVAC&R • High-efficiency components (materials, HX etc.) • System integration (controls, building elements etc.) • Indoor environmental quality • Environmentally sound refrigerants

  19. ECO Energy City concept - Japan

  20. ECO Energy City project • Waste heat powered double-effect metal hydrate heat pump for 45ºC and 7ºC (Matsushita) • Multi-fuel gas cycle (helium) heat pump system for -10ºC , 7ºC , 45ºC and 80ºC (Kubota) • Residential air-source heat pump for heating and cooling using natural refrigerants (Hitachi) • Ice making heat pumps (hybrid and absorption)

  21. Building-related heat pump R&D (1) • Optimised heat pump operation through integral controls (SE) • Pulse width modulation controls (CH) • Standardised hydronic heat distribution systems (CH) • Swiss retrofit heat pump (CH) • new cycles/high lift/reduced cost/controls • small (natural) refrigerant charge

  22. Prototype high temperature lift retrofit heat pump - CH

  23. Building-related heat pump R&D (2) • Residential CO2 heat pump (NO) • Commercial CO2 heat pump water heater (70-80°C) • Thermophysical properties of supercritical CO2 in micro-channel tubes (NO) • Development of 2-stage semi-hermetic CO2 compressor (NO) • Residential heating-only diffusion absorption heat pump (NL)

  24. Residential diffusion absorption heat pump - NL

  25. Building-related heat pump R&D (3) • Residential solar assisted, ground-coupled integrated heat pump (NL) • Integrated heating-only modular heat pump (NL)

  26. Solar-assisted residential heat pump - NL

  27. Conclusions • Building-related heat pump R&D should focus on: • improved, standardized equipment • retrofit applications • building and system integration • low temperature heat distribution • cost savings (equipment & installation) • high indoor air quality and comfort • improved deployment

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