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Unit 1 Review Topics

Unit 1 Review Topics. Important People to Know John Locke Rene Descartes Hippocrates Sir Frances Bacon Wilhelm Wundt William James Sigmund Freud. Terms/Ideas psychology phrenology empiricism dualism tabula rasa structuralism introspection functionalism Gestalt psychology

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Unit 1 Review Topics

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  1. Unit 1 Review Topics • Important People to Know • John Locke • Rene Descartes • Hippocrates • Sir Frances Bacon • Wilhelm Wundt • William James • Sigmund Freud • Terms/Ideas • psychology • phrenology • empiricism • dualism • tabula rasa • structuralism • introspection • functionalism • Gestalt psychology • perceptual units • psychodynamic/psychoanalytic theory • unconscious • behaviorism • humanistic psychology • cognitive psychology • social psychology • nature vs. nurture • psychology vs. psychiatry

  2. Unit 2 Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • random assignment • reliability • validity (internal & external) • demand characteristics • placebo effect • double-blind design • Descriptive statistics • measures of central tendency • measures of variability • Inferential statistics • statistical significance • meta-analysis • informed consent • debriefing • Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) • Terms/Ideas • hypothesis • theory • operational definition • population • sample (random sampling) • Descriptive research • case study • surveys • naturalistic observation • Correlational research • correlation coefficient (r) • direction and size of correlations • drawbacks? • Experimental research • independent & dependent variables • experimental & control conditions • confounds

  3. Unit 3 Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • agonists & antagonists • Nervous system • central and peripheral • Peripheral Skeletal and Autonomic • Autonomic  Sympathetic and Parasympathetic • Endocrine system • hormones • pituitary gland • Mapping Brain Functions • EEG • CT scan • PET scan • MRI & fMRI • Terms/Ideas • glial cells • Neuron • cell body/soma • nucleus • dendrites • axon • myelin sheath • Nodes of Ranvier, Schwann cells • terminal buttons/terminal branches • resting potential • action potential • threshold (“all or none law”) • synapse/synaptic cleft • Neurotransmitters • vescicles • receptors • reuptake (SSRIs)

  4. Unit 3 Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Forebrain, cont. • cerebral cortex • frontal lobe • parietal lobe • temporal lobe • occipital lobe • corpus callosum • anterior cingulate • plasticity • Important People to Know • Phineas Gage • H.M. • Terms/Ideas • Hindbrain • medulla • pons • reticular formation • cerebellum • Midbrain • thalamus • Forebrain • limbic system • hippocampus • hypothalamus • amygdala

  5. Unit 4 Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Visual Sensation & Perception, cont. • cues to depth perception (monocular vs. binocular) • motion perception • stroboscopic effect • phi phenomenon • change blindness • Stroop task • Auditory Sensation & Perception • amplitude & frequency of sound waves • parts of the ear • pitch theories (place theory, frequency theory) • cocktail party effect • gate-control theory of pain • synesthesia • Terms/Ideas • sensation vs. perception • bottom-up & top-down processing • absolute threshold • just-noticeable difference (JND) • Weber’s Law • priming • signal detection theory • sensory adaptation • transduction • Visual Sensation & Perception • amplitude & frequency of light waves • parts of the eye • theories of color vision • trichromatic theory • opponent-process theory (afterimages) • feature detector neurons

  6. Unit 5 Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Sleep, cont. • sleep disorders • insomnia • narcolepsy (hypocretin) • sleep apnea • night terrors • Hypnosis • absorption • applications of hypnosis • Psychoactive drugs • addiction, tolerance, & withdrawal • 3 classes: • depressants • stimulants • hallucinogens • Near-death experiences • Terms/Ideas • consciousness (normal/waking vs. altered states) • Sleep • circadian rhythm (roles of hypothalamus, pineal gland, melatonin) • stages of sleep • brain wave activity • Why do we sleep? • Why do we dream? • Freud (manifest vs. latent content) • activation-synthesis theory • memory consolidation

  7. Unit 6 Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Operant conditioning • Law of Effect • shaping • positive & negative reinforcement • 4 schedules of partial reinforcement: • fixed ratio • variable ratio • fixed interval • variable interval • positive & negative punishment • Other types of learning besides conditioning • latent learning • insight learning • social/observational learning (modeling) • mirror neurons • Terms/Ideas • Classical conditioning • 4 aspects: • unconditioned stimulus (US) • conditioned stimulus (CS) • unconditioned response (UR) • conditioned response (CR) • acquisition • extinction • reacquisition • spontaneous recovery • stimulus discrimination • stimulus generalization • biological preparedness • taste aversion (Garcia & Koelling study) • systematic desensitization

  8. Unit 6 Review Topics • Important People to Know • Ivan Pavlov • John Watson • Edward Thorndike • BF Skinner • Wolfgang Kohler • Albert Bandura

  9. Unit 7 Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Memory, cont. • retrograde & anterograde amnesia • long-term potentiation • flashbulb memories • memory interference (proactive & retroactive) • repression • mnemonic devices • Terms/Ideas • Memory • 3 steps to forming a memory (encoding, storage, retrieval) • Atkinson & Shiffring (1968): 3 Stage Model of Memory • sensory memory  short-term (working) memory  long-term memory • rehearsal • chunking • levels/depth of processing • primacy & recency effects • types of memories • explicit vs. implicit • episodic, semantic, procedural

  10. Unit 7 Review Topics • Important People to Know • Hermann Ebbinghaus • Elizabeth Loftus • Benjamin Whorf • Noam Chomsky • Terms/Ideas • Thinking • linguistic relativity (Whorf) • algorithms vs. heuristics • heuristics: availability, representativeness, anchor & adjust • confirmation bias • Language • phonemes, morphemes • grammar (syntax, semantics) • Broca’s aphasia, Wernicke’s aphasia

  11. Unit 8 Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Emotion • catharsis • 3 important theories of emotion • 1. James-Lange • 2. Cannon-Bard • 3. two-factor theory (Schacter & Singer) • polygraph tests • Important People to Know • Abraham Maslow • Paul Ekman • Schacter & Singer • Terms/Ideas • Motivation • drive-reduction theory • law of optimal arousal (aka. Yerkes-Dodson Law) • hunger (lateral & ventromedial hypothalamus) • anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa • evolutionary perspective on mating habits • flow

  12. Unit 9 Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Psychosocial Development • attachment styles • critical period/imprinting • Baumrind’s parenting styles • Erikson’s stage model • Moral Development • Kohlberg’s stage model • dementia/Alzheimer’s Disease • Important People to Know • Jean Piaget • Harry Harlow • Mary Ainsworth • Konrad Lorenz • Lawrence Kohlberg • Erik Erikson • Terms/Ideas • Physical/Prenatal Development • zygote  embryo  fetus • teratogens • Cognitive Development • schemas (assimilation & accomodation) • Piaget’s stage model • object permanence • conservation • egocentrism/theory of mind • autism

  13. Unit 10 Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Trait approach • factor analysis • five-factor theory of personality (“the Big Five”) • learned helplessness • Important People to Know • Sigmund Freud • Anna O. • Carl Jung • Gordon Allport • Terms/Ideas • Psychoanalytic theory (aka. psychodynamic) • the unconscious • accessing the unconscious: • dreams (manifest vs. latent content) • free association • hypnosis • projective tests • id, superego, & ego • Freud’s stage model of psychosexual development • Oedipus complex • defense mechanisms: • repression, projection, regression, reaction formation, sublimation

  14. Unit 11 Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • stereotype threat • Important People to Know • Charles Spearman • Howard Gardner • Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon • Lewis Terman • Terms/Ideas • Intelligence • general intelligence (g) • emotional intelligence • convergent vs. divergent thinking (creativity?) • crystallized vs. fluid intelligence • Intelligence testing • Intelligence quotient (IQ) • famous IQ tests: • Binet-Simon • Stanford-Binet • WAIS/WISC • standardization • reliability (test-retest, split-half) • validity (criterion)

  15. Unit 12 Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Mood disorders • Major depressive disorder (MDD) • Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) • Bipolar disorder (BD) • Schizophrenia • delusions, hallucinations, language disruptions • Personality disorders • especially borderline (BPD) and antisocial (APD) • Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) • Somatoform disorders • Important People to Know • David Rosenhan • Terms/Ideas • Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) • 5 axes • Anxiety Disorders • Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) • Panic disorder (PD) • Agoraphobia • Phobias • Social anxiety disorder (SAD) (aka. social phobia) • Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) • Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

  16. Unit 13 Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Types of Medication • antipsychotics, antidepressants, antianxiety, mood-stabilizers • “Alternative” Therapies • electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), rTMS, EMDR, lobotomy • Important People to Know • Sigmund Freud • Carl Rogers • Albert Ellis • Terms/Ideas • Psychoanalytic Therapy • resistance • transference • Humanistic Therapy • client-centered therapy • active listening • Behavioral therapy • counterconditioning • token economies • systematic desensitization • Cognitive therapy/cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) • rational-emotive therapy

  17. Unit 14 Review Topics • Terms/Ideas, cont. • Stereotypes, prejudice, & discrimination • Explicit vs. implicit attitudes (IAT) • outgroup homogeneity, ingroup favoritism • Persuasion • Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) • persuasion techniques: • foot-in-the-door • door-in-the-face • Attraction & relationships • mere exposure effect • halo effect • Sternberg’s triangle theory • Group processes • social facilitation, social loafing, group polarization, groupthink • Terms/Ideas • Hindsight bias • Fundamental attribution error • Social roles (Stanford Prison Study) • Cognitive dissonance • Conformity • Informational & normative social influence • Obedience to authority • Helping behavior • Bystander effect, diffusion of responsibility • Terror Management Theory

  18. Unit 14 Review Topics • Important People to Know • Phil Zimbardo • Leon Festinger • Solomon Asch • Stanley Milgram • Robert Sternberg

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