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Measures of Acculturation

Measures of Acculturation . Nazleen Bharmal, MD, PhD RCMAR/CHIME and Project EXPORT Methods Seminar August 2013. Acculturation . Process by which individuals exposed regularly to another culture adopt the attitudes, values, customs, beliefs, and behaviors of the foreign culture

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Measures of Acculturation

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  1. Measures of Acculturation Nazleen Bharmal, MD, PhD RCMAR/CHIME and Project EXPORT Methods Seminar August 2013

  2. Acculturation • Process by which individuals exposed regularly to another culture adopt the attitudes, values, customs, beliefs, and behaviors of the foreign culture • Unidirectional vs. Bidirectional • Health Outcomes: depression, obesity, DM, CVD, cancer • Health impact depends on how acculturation is measured

  3. Measures of Acculturation • Acculturation Scales: • Cultural practices, values, identification • Hispanics: ARSMA, SASH, BAS • Asians: SL-ASIA • Proxy Measures: • Language proficiency • Country of nativity • Temporal: length of residence, age at immigration

  4. California Asian Indian Tobacco Survey • Telephone survey of 3228 Asian Indian adults • RR=81% (adult), 54% (house x adult) • Conducted in several South Asian languages

  5. Acculturation Domains

  6. Temporal Measures • Duration of residence in the U.S. • Percentage of time in the U.S. • Age at immigration

  7. Relationship Between Ethnic Identity and Number of Years in the U.S. F-test p-value<0.001; r = 0.32

  8. Associations of acculturation items and number of years in the US

  9. Evaluation of Dimensionality of Acculturation Items

  10. Evaluation of Dimensionality of Acculturation Items • Exploratory Factor Analysis: criteria for determining number of factors • PCA eigenvalues > 1 • Scree test plot: graphical display of components and corresponding eigenvalues • Parallel analysis: based on a Monte Carol simulation, compares observed eigenvalues with uncorrelated normal variables

  11. EFA Examples

  12. Factor Rotation • Rotate plausible number of factors • Look for simple structure • Orthogonal v. Oblique (permits factor correlation) • STATA Command: estat common estat structure rotate, promax factors (#) griegan, yline (1) estatsmc

  13. Promax obliquely rotated 2-factor solution Factor 1 – Engagement in Indian cultural behaviors; Factor 2 – Social behaviors in US Bold – factor loading > 0.40

  14. Confirmatory Factor Analysis • Specify specific model and evaluate fit • Model fit evaluation: • Chi-squared tests • Goodness of fit index • RMSEA (root mean square error of approximation) • CFI (comparative fit index – relative to null)

  15. Parameter estimates for CFA model

  16. Confirmatory Factor Analysis • 1-Factor Model: • RMSEA (0-1) = 0.10 • CFI (0-1) = 0.65 • 2-Factor Model: • RMSEA = 0.08 • CFI = 0.79 • 2-Factor Model with correlated residuals: • RMSEA = 0.07 • CFI = 0.89 RMSEA: Smaller values indicate better model fit ≤ 0.06 CFI: Larger values indicate better model fit ≥ 0.90

  17. Scoring of Acculturation scale • Transformed each of items to have a 0-100 possible range • e.g., frequency of native language had 5 response categories (1-5) that became: 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 • Higher score means greater level of acculturation to U.S.

  18. Acculturation Scale Characteristics • 11-items averaged together • Mean = 39 (range: 0-100; SD 17) • Skewness = 0.45, Kurtosis = 3.05 • Internal consistency reliability = 0.73 • Product-moment correlations with: • r = 0.37 with years lived in the US • r =0.45 with percentage of lifetime in the US • r = -0.34 with age at immigration

  19. Mean acculturation score by yrs in U.S. among immigrants

  20. Acknowledgements • Ron Hays – for methods mentoring • William McCarthy – for content mentoring • NRSA, AHA, STAR fellowships • Validity of Temporal Measures as Proxies for Measuring Acculturation in Asian Indian Survey Respondents. J Immigr Minor Health. 2013

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