Acculturation

1. Acculturation The process and implications of cultural change

2. Cultural change • Socialization (cultural learning without intent) • Vertical transmission • Horizontal transmission • Oblique transmission • Enculturation (deliberate cultural learning) • Acculturation (cultural learning as a result of first-hand contact) parents kids sibling sibling teacher student

3. Acculturation definition Individual or group-level change that occurs as a result of first-hand contact with another culture Early conceptualization and scales were unidimensional More “Russian” More “American”

4. Four modes of acculturation Issue 1 Is it considered to be of value to maintain the traditional cultural identity and characteristics? “YES” “NO” Issue 2 Is it considered to be of value to develop and maintain relationships with members of the new culture? BICULTURALISM ASSIMILATION SEPARATION MARGINALIZATION “YES” “NO”

5. Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans (ARSMA) by Cuellar, Harris, and Jasso (1980). • What language do you speak? (LFU) • What language do you prefer? (LFU) • How do you identify yourself? (EPI) • Which ethnic identification does (did) your mother use? (EPI) • Which ethnic identification does (did) your father use'? (EPI) • What was the ethnic origin of the friends and peers you had, as a child up to age 6? (EI) • What was the ethnic. origin of the friends and peers you had, as a child from 6 to 18? (EI) • Whom do you now associate with in the outside community? (EI) • What is your music preference? (language) (LFU) • What is your TV viewing preference? (language) (LFU) • What is your movie preference? (language) (LFU) • What is the nearest generation of the family member born in Mexico? (GP) • Where were you raised? (CH) • What contact have you had with Mexico? (e.g., lived there, visited, occasional communications with people there) (CH) • What is your food preference? (EI) • In what language do you think? (LFU) • In which language do you read better (Spanish or English)? (LFU) • In which language do you write better (Spanish or English)? (LFU) • If you consider yourself a Mexican, Chicano, Mexican American member of La Raza, or however you identify this group. how much pride do you have in this group? (EPI) • How would you rate yourself? (very Mexican, mostly Mexican, bicultural, mostly anglicized, very anglicized) (EPI) Note. LFU = Language Familiarity and Usage: EPI = Ethnic Pride and Identity; EI = Ethnic Interaction; GP = Generational Proximity; and CH = Cultural Heritage.

6. The Acculturation Process

7. Acculturative Stress family differences in acculturation “forced” migration low SES or drop in SES Individual Stress age language deficits prejudice and discrimination

8. Factors affecting acculturative stress

9. Immigration and Psychopathology

10. Behavioral change as function of phase

11. Research Study Revisiting Du Bois: The relationship between African American double consciousness and beliefs about racial and national group experiences -- Lyubansky and Eidelson (2005). Journal of Black Psychology Beliefs in Black and White: Race group differences on five group-level beliefs associated with group conflict -- Eidelson and Lyubansky (under review). Black Political Psychology

12. Methods (procedure) • Recruited prospective jurors awaiting possible empaneling in Philadelphia • Four recruitment sessions in March, 2001 • Approximately 50% agreed to participate • Survey took approximately 20 minutes • Respondents received a candy bar • All self-identified Black & White respondents were included in sample

13. Methods (participants)

14. Measures: Sample items I believe my ethnic/racial group’s safety & security are uncertain. (V) I believe other groups are often unfair to my ethnic/racial group. (I) I believe my e/r is often helpless to improve its circumstances. (H) I believe other groups are often dishonest with my e/r group. (D) I believe my e/r group is superior to other groups in many ways. (S) Mobilizing Beliefs

15. Hypotheses for Black-White Comparisons • Blacks would report stronger beliefs about their personal vulnerability, distrust, experience of injustice, and sense of helplessness than Whites • Blacks would report stronger beliefs about their racial group than would Whites about their racial group • Blacks and Whites would not differ in regard to any of the five core beliefs in reference to their shared American national group.

16. Results:Personal-level beliefs, by race Blacks Whites M SD M SD Vulnerability 8.81 2.61 8.27 2.44 Injustice 7.30 2.58 6.92 2.11 Distrust 8.29 2.57 7.53 2.10 Superiority 7.49 2.45 7.64 2.17 Helplessness 5.56 1.98 5.80 1.95 Self esteem NA NA NA NA

17. Results:Racial-level beliefs, by race Blacks Whites M SD M SD Vulnerability 10.42 2.59 7.72 2.56 Injustice 11.72 2.39 8.13 2.66 Distrust 9.48 2.29 6.89 2.14 Superiority 8.92 2.49 6.82 2.48 Helplessness 8.01 2.82 6.31 2.35 Satisfaction 6.35 2.58 9.33 2.43

18. Results:National-level beliefs, by race Blacks Whites M SD M SD Vulnerability 11.11 2.61 10.89 2.59 Injustice 9.46 2.89 9.74 2.90 Distrust 10.18 2.57 9.76 2.55 Superiority 9.35 2.84 9.63 2.88 Helplessness 7.30 2.50 6.38 2.04 Satisfaction 8.58 2.65 9.18 2.29

19. Other findings • Religion • Education

20. Results (acculturation and group beliefs) H2: Greater racial acculturation only would be associated with stronger beliefs about the racial group’s current circumstances. H3: Greater racial and mainstream acculturation would be uniquely associated with stronger beliefs about the national group’s circumstances Predictor Vulnerability Injustice Distrust Superiority Helplessness Satisfaction Race Nation Race Nation Race Nation Race Nation Race Nation Race Nation Education  ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns -.20 ns Pol. Orient.  ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns .25 ns Religiosity  ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns -.17 ns -.23 ns Personal world  .23 .24 ns .20.34 .30 .39.41 .40 .21 ns ns Acc-Race .35 .31*.36 .34ns .25 .25 ns ns .ns -.29-.20 Acc-Main ns ns ns .34ns .26 ns .40ns ns .49 .50 Acc x Acc ns -.33 ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns F 4.81 6.01 3.80 6.52 3.03 5.16 4.48 10.28 4.65 1.75 5.53 5.36 R2.25 .33.20.31.17.26 .23 .41 .24.ns .27 .27 * Not interpretable

21. Acculturation outcomes • “Healthy immigrant” phenomenon • Acculturation may lead to some negative consequences • Burnam et al. (1987) study of acculturation of 1245 Mexican Americans in L.A. • Younger immigrants acculturated faster • Males acculturated faster • More educated acculturated faster (accounts for sex difference but not age) • Epidemiological Catchment Area study , of rates of psychopathology in US. Related to Latinos: • Less acculturated people, less prevalence of alcohol and drug abuse, phobia, antisocial personality

22. Acculturation Outcomes • US-Mexico Border study of adolescents (Pumariega et al, 1992) • 4000 adolescents, 11 to 18 years old • Rates of depression and distress (Panamerican Youth Inventory and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depressive Scale) • Rate of drug abuse was 4x higher in US born adolescents (21% vs 5%) • Higher levels of distress and suicidal ideation in US born teenagers.

23. Adolescent Outcomes • Acculturation adolescents • Risk factors: More time watching television • Less time spent in family activities • Less involvement with friends • Less involvement in sports

24. Mental Health Outcomes • U.California Irvine Mental Disorders in Primary Care (Escobar et al, 1998) • 1500 adolescents several groups • Mexican and Central American born : • Lower levels of posttraumatic disorder, depression, panic disorder • Better levels of physical functioning • Higher rates of “somatization

25. Acculturation, Gender and Health Lopez-Gonzalez, Aravena, Hummer (2005)

26. Acculturation, Gender and Health Lopez-Gonzalez, Aravena, Hummer (2005)