Nomenclature: Alcohols, Ethers, Alkyl Halides, Amines, Amides, and Nitro Groups

1. Nomenclature:Alcohols, Ethers, Alkyl Halides, Amines, Amides, and Nitro Groups SCH4U0

2. Functional Group Priority List Carboxylic Acid Ester Amide Aldehyde Ketone Alcohol Amine Alkene / Alkyne Alkane Ether / Alkyl Halide / Nitro

3. Alcohols • Alcohols contain the group on the right • Many organic molecules contain this group • Eg: sugars and carbohydrates, alcohols, etc… • When naming: • As a main chain, the molecule gets “-ol” suffix • As a substituent, it is called “hydroxy-” - 2 - ol prop ethan ol - 2 - hydroxy pent 5 - one This is the alcohol we drink Older names: 2-propanol, isopropanol

4. Alcohols • Name the following molecules • Draw the following molecules but-2,3-diol 1,3-dihydroxybenzene 2-methylpent-1,4-diol 2-hydroxyoct-3,4-dione

5. Ethers • Ethers contain the group on the right • Ethers are present in carbohydrates, sugars, and several organic solvents • When naming; • Ethers are always named as substituents • Use the label “alkoxy-” where the “alk” refers to the number of carbons attached to the oxygen methoxy propane ethoxy heptane 3-

6. Ethers • Name the molecules below • Draw the following molecules ethoxyethane 1,4-dimethoxybenzene 2-ethoxy-3-methoxypentane propoxypentane

7. Alkyl Halides • Alkyl halides contain the group on the right • Where X represents a halogen • Alkyl halides are widely used in refrigerants, dry cleaning, Teflon, and for synthetic purposes • When naming; • Alkyl halides are always named as substituents • Use the labels “fluoro-”, “chloro-”, “bromo-”, and “iodo-” 1- -3- bromo chloro cyclopentane fluoro methane

8. Alkyl Halides • Name the molecules below • Draw the following molecules 2,2,4 - trifluoropentane 1 – chloro – 4 – iodobenzene 2 – chloro – 1 – iodopropane 1– bromo – 4 – iodocyclohexene

9. Amines • Amines contain the group on the right • Where the R groups represent any carbon chain, or a hydrogen • Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on how many of the R groups are carbon chains (1, 2, or 3) • Amines commonly have putrid smells (ammonia, cadaverine, putrescine, etc) Cadaverine Putrescine

10. Amines • When naming; • Use the suffix “-amine” or the substituent name “amino-” -1- prop amine -3- amine hex al pentan amino 4- or propanamine

11. Amines • If there are multiple alkyl groups on the nitrogen • Treat the longest one as the main chain • Label the others as alkyl substituents • Label them with an “N” instead of a number to make it clear where they are attached -N- methyl pentan amine N- methyl butan amine N- ethyl

12. Amines • Name the molecules below • Draw the following molecules N-ethyl-N-propylpentanamine 1,3-diaminobenzene 2,4-diaminopent-3-one hept-1,3-diamine

13. Amides • Amides contain the group on the right • Where the R groups are alkyl groups or hydrogen • Amides are found in all proteins (they link the amino acids together) • When naming; • The carbon chain containing the carbonyl carbon gets the “-amide” suffix • The alkyl chains attached to the nitrogen are named as “N-alkyl” substituents N,N-diethyl N-methyl butan propan amide amide

14. Amides • Name the molecules below • Draw the following molecules N-ethylpentanamide N-ethyl-N-propylpentanamide N-cyclopentyl-N-propylpropanamide N-butylethanamide

15. Nitro Groups • Nitro groups are shown on the right • These groups are found on several explosive compounds • Eg: nitroglycerin, trinitrotoluene (TNT) • When decomposed, nitro groups release oxygen gas (and allow for quick and efficient combustion reactions) trinitrotoluene nitroglycerin

16. Nitro Groups • When naming; • Nitro groups are always named as substituents • Use the label “nitro-” dinitro cyclohexane 3- nitro heptane 1,3-