Thomas Jefferson’s Notable Presidency

1. Thomas Jefferson’s Notable Presidency Brandon Chang Ryan Fitzpatrick Joanna Li Brian Shen

2. The Early Life • Born on April 13, 1743 in Shadwell, Goochland County, Virginia • Son of Peter Jefferson, a planter and surveyor, and Jane Randolph, the daughter of a ship captain • Attended the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg where he met George Wythe, his first law professor and influential mentor • Studied writings of British Empiricists, including John Locke, Francis Bacon, and Isaac Newton

3. The Early Life (Cont.) • Became a lawyer in Virginia and represented members of Virginia’s elite families • Besides law, Jefferson represented Albemarle County in the Virginia House of Burgesses • Secretary of State under George Washington (1790-1793)& Vice President under John Adams (1797-1801) John Adams

4. Previous Political Affiliations • Founding Father and principal author of the Declaration of Independence • Served in the Constitutional Congress representing Virginia and later served as wartime Governor of Virginia (1779-1781) • Served as diplomat in Paris, soon becoming the United States Minister to France (1785) • First United States Secretary of State, organized the Democratic-Republican Party w/ James Madison • Wrote A Summary View of the Rights of British America, belief that people had right to govern themselves

5. First: Presidential Election of 1800 • Republican presidential candidate Thomas Jefferson ran against John Adams who led Federalists • Ugliest election in American history→both candidates’ supporters showed no restraint • Aaron Burr = Republican vice presidential candidate • Burr organized Republican “political machine”, the Tammany Society, to win New York’s vote

6. First: Presidential Election of 1800 (Cont.) • Jefferson and Burr tied with 73 votes, so vote was passed to House of Representatives where each state delegation cast one vote to break tie • New Republican congress that was elected in the 1800s would not convene until after the inauguration, so the old Federalist congress voted • T. Jefferson → President, A. Burr → vice president.

7. First Term as President • “Revolution” of 1800, the dominant political party shifted from the Federalists (Adams) to the Republicans (Jefferson) • Both executive and legislative branches controlled by republican party but judiciary was left in Federalist hands • Jefferson and Republicans looked to a future greatly different from “tyranny” under Federalists • In reality, Jefferson, like his Federalist predecessors, also used his powers of appointment as a political weapon Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr

8. First Term as President (Cont.) • Mindset of democratic simplicity → appearance was plain and disregarded courtly and sophisticated etiquette • After Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson commissioned Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore and map the newly acquired land • Their Journey known as the Lewis and Clark Expedition Meriwether Lewis William Clark

9. Domestic Issues (First Term) • Government was previously too large and expensive → cut size of army + navy • Federalists possessed too much power in Supreme Court due to Judiciary Act of 1801 passed under John Adams • Congress attempted to impeach obstructive Federalist judges • Republicans targeted Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase but did not succeed in removing him from office Samuel Chase

10. Domestic Issues (First Term Cont.) • Despite treaty between U.S + Cherokee people, Jefferson made deal w/ Georgia to “expel” them • Jefferson believed Natives should assimilate to American culture, more dependent on trade → eventually giving up their land → no cultural/religious differences • Some argue Jefferson did not have the right to accept the Louisiana Purchase for it was not stated in the Constitution • Vice president Aaron Burr rumored to support Federalist plans for secession in New England

11. Foreign Issues (First Term) • Barbary states of North Africa demanded protection money from U.S whose ships sailed the Mediterranean, • Conflict arose and led to the First Barbary War between the U.S and NorthwestAfrican Berber Muslim • Napoleon gained interest in restoring French power in the New World • France beginning to take control of New Orleans, the most important outlet of western produce, closing port to U.S. ships • Napoleon offered to sell Louisiana Territory to the U.S. to help pay French debt and b/c his campaign in N.A. had failed → continue his rampage in Europe

12. First Term Issues: Solved? • Secretary of Treasury Gallatin reduced government spending and cutting members of the executive department • Reduction of military → Greater risk of foreign threats • Eliminated whiskey tax and other internal federal taxes • Jefferson reduced national debt from $83 million to $45 million • 1802, Congress pass “Act for the Protection of Commerce and seamen of the United States against the Tripolitan cruisers” Albert Gallatin Secretary of Treasury

13. First Term Issues: Solved? (Cont.) • Authorized protection of commerce + seamen of American vessels, allowed them to seize vessels belonging to Bey of Tripoli • Due to blockades/raids, leader Yusuf Karamanli signed a treaty ending hostilities on June 10, 1805 →America still pay $60,000 ransom to free American sailors • Jefferson pays Napoleon $15 million for the Louisiana Territory • Gives America huge part of Midwest including access to Mississippi River and port of New Orleans Mississippi River

14. Second: Presidential Election of 1804 • Republican presidential candidate Thomas Jefferson ran for a second term against Federalist Charles Cotesworth Pinckney • Jefferson had overwhelming victory, 162 electoral votes to 14, almost 93% of total votes conducted • Jefferson gained popularity after Election of 1800, and Louisiana purchase which heavily contributed to his immense victory • Both houses of Congress dominated by a Republican majority

15. Second Term as President • Jefferson Victory in 1804 Election → Ratification of Twelfth Amendment • Twelfth Amendment: Presidential electors specify their choice in votes for President and Vice President instead of electing only president • George Clinton would be elected as Vice President instead of Federalist Rufus King • Clinton would serve under both Jefferson and James Madison (1805-1812) making him the only vice president in history to serve under two presidents Thomas Jefferson George Clinton

16. Domestic Issues (Second Term) • March 1806: Political split occurred within Jefferson’s party b/c of his support to ban British imports as a form of retaliation against the British • Albert Gallatin, Secretary of Treasury proposed spending $20 million on the construction roads and canals to improve infrastructure • John Randolph of Roanoke thought Jefferson had gone too far in Federalist direction and called for a purity of republican principles • 1807, Jefferson tried former V.P Aaron Burr for treason→Burr was charged with trying to levy war against the U.S in attempt to establish a separate confederacy consisting of Western states • Following Revolution, all states abolished the international slave trade, but soon after, South Carolina re-opened it John Randolph of Roanoke

17. Foreign Issues (Second Term) • Relations strained between U.S and Britain, partly from the personal hatred between Jefferson and British Ambassador, Anthony Merry • After victory at the Battle of Austerlitz (1805), Napoleon → more aggressive over trading rights • European navies seized American merchantmen and their cargo as contraband of war→rationalized the plunder of U.S shipping as necessary for their victories • Chesapeake-Leopard Affair: American frigate U.S.S Chesapeake was unknowingly pursued, attacked and boarded by British warship HMS Leopard Napoléon Bonaparte

18. Second Term Issues: Solved? • 1807, Jefferson convinced Congress to pass the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves + condoned the I.S.T as a “violation of human rights” • No new slaves imported into the states, established punishment for international trade but did not regulate domestic slave trade • After attack of USS Chesapeake, Jefferson issued proclamation banning armed British ships from entering • Due to violations of U.S neutrality during Napoleonic War, Jefferson responded with Embargo Act of 1807 preventing American ships from leaving to foreign ports • Embargo to end conflicts with American shipping, turned out to be impractical and a failure diplomatically and economically→devastating on US economy→Non-Intercourse Act • Non-Intercourse Act: Congress passed law that reopened trade w/ all nations except for Britain and France

19. An Astute Quote From Yours Truly... “In matters of style, swim with the current; In matters of principle, stand like a rock.” -Thomas Jefferson

20. Works Cited 1. Autumn Scenery. N.d. Photograph. Mr. Wallpaper. Web. 9 Dec. 2013. <http://www.mrwallpaper.com/wallpapers/Autumn-scenery-1920x1200.jpg>. 2. "Barbary Wars." Barbary Wars. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2013. <http://history.state.gov/milestones/1801-1829/barbary-wars>. 3. Jefferson, Thomas, and Merrill D. Peterson. Thomas Jefferson: Writings. New York, NY: Literary Classics of the U.S., 1984. Print. 4. Louisiana Purchase. N.d. Photograph. Mr. Nussbaum. Web. 9 Dec. 2013. <http://mrnussbaum.com/history1/images/la.png>. 5. Malone, Dumas. Jefferson and His Time. Charlottesville: University of Virginia, 2005. Print. 6. "Miller Center." American President: Thomas Jefferson: Campaigns and Elections. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Dec. 2013. <http://millercenter.org/president/jefferson/essays/biography/3>. 7. Rainbow Scenery. N.d. Photograph. First HD Wallapapers. Web. 9 Dec. 2013. <http://www.firsthdwallpapers.com/uploads/2013/07/scenery-wallpaper_1920x1200_90202.jpg>. 8. Swiss Alps. N.d. Photograph. Autolux Puzzles. Web. 9 Dec. 2013. <http://autoluxpuzzles.com/practice_image/Swiss%20Alps.jpg>. 9. "Thomas Jefferson." The White House: Thomas Jefferson. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Dec. 2013. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/thomasjefferson>. 10. U.S Constitution. N.d. Photograph. Wise Geek. Web. 9 Dec. 2013. <http://images.wisegeek.com/usconstitution.jpg>. 11. Waterfall Scenery. N.d. Photograph. Desktopas. Web. 9 Dec. 2013. <http://www.desktopas.com/files/2013/06/Waterfall-Scenery-Wallpaper-1680x1050.jpg>.