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Malaria Vector Control: Azadirachta indica as a sustainable tool for integrated Mosquito Larvae Management

Malaria Vector Control: Azadirachta indica as a sustainable tool for integrated Mosquito Larvae Management . Gordon Sevee. Neem Tree , Azadirachta indica. Family: Meliaceae (Mahogany)

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Malaria Vector Control: Azadirachta indica as a sustainable tool for integrated Mosquito Larvae Management

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  1. Malaria Vector Control: Azadirachta indica as a sustainable tool for integrated Mosquito Larvae Management Gordon Sevee

  2. Neem Tree, Azadirachta indica • Family: Meliaceae (Mahogany) • Distribution of Azadirachta indica: Found in 78 countries world-wide, global occurrence 64 to 91 million trees, mainly South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, found throughout Mali, including village of Sanambele • Description: Evergreen, broad-leafed tree growing up to 30m in height, produces 99 biologically active compounds with wide range of effects: • -larvicidal, insecticidal, repellent, antifeedant, antipyretic, contraceptive, and antiparasitic • -Authorized by EPA on food and nonfood crops Moser, Gerald (1996), Status Report on Global Neem Usage, Pesticide Service Project, PN 86-2588 GTZ, Germany, pp 39.

  3. http://www.africanmarketsquare.ca/neemtree_b.jpg http://host.webinnovation-host.net/%7Eeacircle/images/znz771.jpg

  4. Sanambele, Mali • Has identified malaria as number one problem they face (Kante, Dunkel, Williams, Margo, Camara, 2009) • High rates of transmission/mortality in children • 7 Children died in 2007 • 5 Children died in 2008 • Population approximately 1000 • Places a social / economic burden on village

  5. Sanambele and A. indica • Sanambele farmers are already familiar with neem and its potential • Farmers have used a leaf slurry for food crop application (Gamby and Dunkel 2001) • Neem trees found throughout village and surrounding fields • DDT and pyrethroids applied to preharvest food crops were replaced in late 90’s by neem leaf extracts made by Sanameble farmers (Moore et al. 2001)

  6. Anopheles Mosquito and Sanambele • Without mosquitoes malaria is not spread • Adult females bite people with malaria, then transmit Plasmodium to healthy individual by later biting them • Mosquito populations highest during rainy season (June-August) when many ephemeral breeding pools are available and humidity is high.

  7. Clulex pipiensRearing • Eggs transferred to 1.4L Pyrex pan with 300mL of dH20, 9mL Tetramin diet solution • Rearing pan placed in mosquito cage in environmental control chamber, 78F, 80% R.H., 14:10 hour light:dark photoperiod • Larvae were treated similarly

  8. A. indica Leaf Slurry Formation • 14 Leaflets were removed from a compound leaf and placed in a mortar and pestle • Leaves were ground 20 minutes • 20 mL dH20 was slowly added while grinding • Slurry was transferred to a freezable container (40ml glass vial) frozen for later use

  9. Developing Bioassay Procedure • Hypothesis tested: Larvae exposed to neem leaf slurry will show irregularities in locomotion and significant mortality after exposure to neem slurry. • Control: Larvae placed in small petri dish with 20mL rearing tray solution • Neem Slurry: Larvae placed in small petri dish with 10mL neem slurry and 10mL rearing tray solution

  10. Developing Bioassay Procedure • Locomotion observations were made every 15 min for the first two hours • After the first two hours they were examined every hour for 4 more hours • Responses to probing and wind were observed in control and slurry dishes

  11. Response to Neem Slurry Exposure - All larvae exposed to 50% concentration were moribund (abnormal locomotion, weak probing response) and 25% mortality after 24 hours exposure -All control larvae displayed regular locomotion, vigorous probing response and 0% mortality

  12. Probit Analysis • 3 treatments with 30 individuals per treatment • Little to no control mortality • Even distribution (not 0 or 100% mortality) • 50, 75, and 100% neem slurry concentrations will be used

  13. Lab to Sanambele • Constructing a model for a bioassay to be tested in Bamako, Mali at Anopheles rearing facility, University of Bamako Medical School, Malaria Research/Training Center • Village adoption of neem slurry as part of sustainable, integrated Anopheles (malariavector) management • Eventual replacement of Bacillus thuringienesis var. israelensis, • Sustainable option eliminates need for foreign financial support, completely produced in village, without fear of resistance development.

  14. Above: Mosquito dipper and collecting pan Right: looking for signs of larvae

  15. Acknowledgements • USDA CSREES Higher Education Grant, #4W01809. New Paradigm for Discovery Based Learning: Implementing Bottom-up Development by Listening to Farmer’s Needs and Using Participatory Processes with Holistic Thinking, Montana State University lead institution, Dr. F. Dunkel, P.I. • Montana Agricultural Experiment Station #161 (F.Dunkel, P.I.) • I would like to acknowledge collaboration of the Sanambele Women’s Association and the men and women farmers engaged in this ambitious hope to erradicate malaria from their village.

  16. References: RebeccaLGianotti*, et al. Efficacy of local neem extracts for sustainable malaria vector control in an African village. Malaria Journal 2008, 7:138 Grunewald, J., A. Vollmer. 2000. Malaria-control with neem products in the Mopti region in Mali, West Africa. Proceedings of the 9th Workshop, Practice Oriented Results on Use and Production of Neem– Ingredients and Pheromones, Hohenheim, Germany. Pp. 173-174. Savory, Allan. Holistic Management: A New Framework for Decision Making. Island Press: Washington, DC, 1999. Thrupp, Lori Ann, et al. Farmer First: Farmer Innovation and Agricultural Research. Bootstrap Press: New York, NY, 1989. Abera, Eferem, et al. Farmer Participatory Research in North Omo, Ethiopia. Internation Institute for Environment and Development, 1991. Ayittey, George. Africa Unchained. Plagrave MacMillan: New York, NY, 2005. Sachs, Jeffrey. Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet. The Penguin Press: New York, NY, 2008 Okumu, Fredos, et al. Larvicidal effects of a neem oil formulation on the malaria vector Anopheles gamniae. Malaria Journal, 2007, 6:63

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