1 / 65

12.3 Analgesics nlm.nih/medlineplus/druginformation.html

12.3 Analgesics http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. Describe and Explain the different ways in which analgesics prevent pain. Pain Receptor. Nerves that transmit the pain Free nerve endings that transmit the pain based on thermal/ mechanical/ chemical stimuli

zorina
Download Presentation

12.3 Analgesics nlm.nih/medlineplus/druginformation.html

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. 12.3 Analgesicshttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html Describe and Explain the different ways in which analgesics prevent pain

  2. Pain Receptor • Nerves that transmit the pain • Free nerve endings that transmit the pain based on thermal/ mechanical/ chemical stimuli • Pain receptor generate an impulse • Pain results from interaction between various impulses arriving at the spinal cord and the brain

  3. Prostaglandins • Injures tissues release prostaglandin and leukotriene • Make the pain receptors more sensitive

  4. Prostoglandin • Prostaglandins have an extraordinarily wide range of biological effects • controlling blood pressure and controlling inflammation. • blood clotting, kidney function and the reproductive system • and are the subject of a great deal of research to produce new drugs.

  5. Analgesics • Understanding how neurons work comes from study of membrane potential •   (i.e. the difference in electrical charge between inside and outside of  the neuron); • To record a membrane potential two electrodes are needed:   intracellular and extracellular

  6. Aspirin Analgesics: relives pain Mild : aspirin, acetaminophen( metabolic byproduct of phenacetin) -same as Tylenol, Paracetamol, ibuprofen ( sold as Actiprofen, Advil, MortrinIB, Medipren) NSAIDS ( non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) Mild analgesics : non addictive

  7. Mild Analgesics • Block the enzyme –cyclooxygenase / controlled synthesis of prostaglandins • responsible for constricting of blood vessels • increase the body temperature • Direct effect on hypothalamus / body’s heat regulating center / produces fever • Cause swelling and pain / increase the permeability of capillaries, allowing water to pass out into nearby tissues

  8. Mild Analgesics • Lower the concentration of prostaglandins • Reduce fever • And inflammation

  9. Endorphins and enkephalin

  10. Enkaphalin

  11. Endorphin • Endorphin comes from the words endogenous morphine. • Endogenous means developing from within. • Endorphins are similar to the narcotic morphine in their functions,. • They occur naturally in the brain and bloodstream.

  12. Endorphin • a group of peptide hormones that bind to opiate receptors • and are found mainly in the brain. • Endorphins reduce the sensation of pain and affect emotions.

  13. Endorphin • Russian scientists claim a beating on the buttocks with a strong cane is the perfect way to cure everything from depression to alcoholism by releasing the body's natural "happy chemicals" known as endorphins.

  14. B3.2 Salicylic acid • Describe the uses of derivatives of salicylic acid as mild analgesics and • compare the advantages and disadvantages of using • aspirin and paracetamol • acetaminophen)

  15. Salicylic acid /Acetyl salicylic acid

  16. Salicylic Acid • Antipyretic / fever reducer • Mild analgesic / pain killer • Strong/ damages the membrane lining the mouth, esophagus and stomach • Chemically modified to sodium salt of acid • Less unpleasant, but turn to acid in the stomach • acetyl salicylic acid / reduce acidity/ non irritating /taken orally

  17. Synthesis

  18. Hydrolysis H2O + CH3COOH

  19. ASA • Prodrug :less active form of drug that is converted to the active form of drug after administration • Sometimes sold as sodium salt of ASA / Alka Seltzer. / ionic bonding / dissolves in water

  20. ASA • The presence of OH and COOH group on benzene ring makes salicylic acid as strong acid • Other derivatives are insoluble due the presence of aromatic ring

  21. Uses of the Derivatives of salicylic acid ( Miracle drug) • Antipyretic: reduces fever • Anti-inflammatory • Anti-platelet agent / prevent abnormal blood clotting , anti clotting agent • (inhibits the production of prostaglandins) • Mild analgesic • minor aches/pains, headaches, sunburn, arthritis

  22. Disadvantages of ASA • Stomach upset due to acidity in aq. Solution • Gastrointestinal bleeding following use of alcohol • 0.5% who take ASA (and 3-5% asthmatic) are allergic to ASA leading to skin rashes, respiratory difficulty • Accidental poisoning in infants • Development of Reye’s syndrome/ liver and brain disorder can result in coma, brain damage and death ( children who took ASA for chicken pox symptoms)

  23. Base hydrolysis

  24. Pain reliever

  25. Aspirin Substitute • Paracetomol • Active ingredient in many OTC • USES: • Anti –pyretic / reduces fever • Analgesics reduce pain • Does not upset stomach

  26. Acetaminophen • NOT an anti-inflammatory • Can cause blood disorder and kidney damage • Over dose can cause liver damage, brain damage, coma and even death

  27. Acetaminophen

  28. Phenacetin

  29. Ibuprofen • (2-[4-(2-Methylpropyl)phenyl]propanoic Acid, Isobutylphenylpropionic Acid) • Same as ASA but fewer stomach problems • Anti-inflammatory • Wide margin of safety, • Lower effective dose • Large doses /kidney problems www.wcer.wisc.edu/.../Spr2000/esselman/IBUb.html

  30. 2-(4-Isobutyl-phenyl)-propionic acid • ibuprofen

More Related