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Figure 7.UN01

Figure 7.UN01. becomes oxidized (loses electron). becomes reduced (gains electron). Figure 7.UN03. becomes oxidized. becomes reduced. Figure 7.5. ½. ½. H 2 . O 2. . 2 H. O 2. Controlled release of energy. 2 H   2 e −. ATP. ATP. Explosive release.

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Figure 7.UN01

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  1. Figure 7.UN01 becomes oxidized (loses electron) becomes reduced (gains electron)

  2. Figure 7.UN03 becomes oxidized becomes reduced

  3. Figure 7.5 ½ ½ H2  O2  2 H O2 Controlled release of energy 2 H  2 e− ATP ATP Explosive release Electron transport chain Free energy, G Free energy, G ATP 2 e− ½ O2 2 H H2O H2O (a) Uncontrolled reaction (b) Cellular respiration

  4. Figure 7.UN05 1. Glycolysis (color-coded teal throughout the chapter) Pyruvate oxidation and the Krebs (citric acid)cycle (color-coded salmon) 2. Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis (color-coded violet) 3.

  5. Figure 7.6-1 Electrons via NADH Glycolysis Glucose Pyruvate MITOCHONDRION CYTOSOL ATP Substrate-level

  6. Figure 7.6-2 Electrons via NADH and FADH2 Electrons via NADH Pyruvate oxidation Glycolysis Krebs cycle Acetyl CoA Glucose Pyruvate MITOCHONDRION CYTOSOL ATP ATP Substrate-level Substrate-level

  7. Figure 7.6-3 Electrons via NADH and FADH2 Electrons via NADH Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Pyruvate oxidation Glycolysis Krebs cycle Acetyl CoA Glucose Pyruvate MITOCHONDRION CYTOSOL ATP ATP ATP Substrate-level Oxidative Substrate-level

  8. Inner membrane Outer membrane Intermembrane space Matrix 5 Cristae

  9. Figure 7.UN06 Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation Pyruvate oxidation Glycolysis ATP ATP ATP

  10. Figure 7.8 Energy Investment Phase Glucose 2 ADP  2 used P 2 ATP Energy Payoff Phase formed 4 ADP  4 P 4 ATP 2 NAD  4 e− 4 H 2 NADH  2 H 2 Pyruvate  2 H2O Net Glucose 2 Pyruvate  2 H2O 4 ATP formed − 2 ATP used 2 ATP 2 NAD  4 e− 4 H 2 NADH  2 H

  11. Figure 7.UN07 Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation Pyruvate oxidation Glycolysis ATP ATP ATP

  12. Figure 7.10a Pyruvate (from glycolysis, 2 molecules per glucose) CYTOSOL CO2 NAD CoA NADH  H Acetyl CoA MITOCHONDRION CoA

  13. Figure 7.10b Acetyl CoA CoA CoA Krebs cycle 2 CO2 FADH2 3 NAD NADH 3 FAD  3 H ADP  P i ATP

  14. Figure 7.11-6 1 8 2 3 7 4 6 5 Acetyl CoA CoA-SH NADH H2O  H NAD Oxaloacetate Malate Citrate Isocitrate NAD Krebs cycle NADH  H H2O CO2 Fumarate CoA-SH -Ketoglutarate CoA-SH FADH2 CO2 NAD FAD Succinate NADH P i Succinyl CoA  H GTP GDP ADP ATP formation ATP

  15. Figure 7.UN09 Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Krebs cycle Pyruvate oxidation Glycolysis ATP ATP ATP

  16. Figure 7.14 2 1 H H Protein complex of electron carriers H H Cyt c IV Q III I ATP synthase II 2 H  ½ O2 H2O FAD FADH2 NAD NADH ATP ADP  P i (carrying electrons from food) H Electron transport chain Chemiosmosis Oxidative phosphorylation

  17. Figure 7.15 Electron shuttles span membrane MITOCHONDRION 2 NADH CYTOSOL or 2 FADH2 2 NADH 6 NADH 2 FADH2 2 NADH Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Glycolysis Pyruvate oxidation 2 Acetyl CoA Krebs cycle 2 Pyruvate Glucose  2 ATP  about 26 or 28 ATP  2 ATP About 30 or 32 ATP Maximum per glucose:

  18. Figure 7.UN11 Inputs Outputs Glycolysis Glucose  2 NADH 2 Pyruvate  2 ATP

  19. Figure 7.UN12 Outputs Inputs 2 Pyruvate 2 Acetyl CoA ATP NADH 2 8 Krebs cycle 2 Oxaloacetate CO2 FADH2 6 2

  20. Bell Work: Draw a flow diagram depicted how reactants and products flow through the 3 steps of cellular respiration

  21. Alcoholic Fermentation • Pyruvate releases CO2 • Resulting compound reduced by NADH to ethanol • Bacteria

  22. Lactic Acid Fermentation • Pyruvate reduced by NADH to lactate • Animals, fungi, and bacteria • Buildup causes muscle fatigue (ATP use outpaces O2 supply)

  23. Animation: Fermentation Overview Right click slide / Select play

  24. In respect to evolution, why is glycolysis so important? Ancient prokaryotes are thought to have used glycolysis long before there was oxygen in the atmosphere Very little O2 was available in the atmosphere until about 2.7 billion years ago, but bacteria have been dated back 3.5 billion years Early prokaryotes likely used only glycolysis to generate ATP Glycolysis is a very ancient process

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