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Punctuation

Punctuation. Commas Use commas to separate items in a series. Use a comma BEFORE conjunctions. Red, white, and blue. Punctuation. Short independent clauses in a series are separated by commas. We swam, we jogged, and we exercised. Independent clauses are usually separated by a semicolon.

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Punctuation

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  1. Punctuation Commas • Use commas to separate items in a series. Use a comma BEFORE conjunctions. • Red, white, and blue

  2. Punctuation • Short independent clauses in a series are separated by commas. • We swam, we jogged, and we exercised. • Independent clauses are usually separated by a semicolon. • To prepare for the race, we swam…

  3. Punctuation • Hispanic culture is complex diverse and rich in many historical traditions. • Preheat the oven beat the eggs and sift the flour. • The movie was long dull and humorless.

  4. Punctuation 4. Alicia opened the door for the dog and the cat ran out. 5. It has been a vibrant vital part of American life. 6. They have traveled on land by sea and in the air.

  5. Punctuation • Use commas to set off nonessential clauses and nonessential participial phrases. • Emilia Ortiz, who lives across the street, won a scholarship. • The capital of Alabama is Montgomery, which is in the center of the state.

  6. Punctuation Use a comma to separate two or more adjectives preceding a noun. • I’ve had a long, hectic, tiring day. Use a comma before conjunctions when they join independent clauses. We got there on time, but Jeff was late.

  7. Punctuation • Rule 3/4 practice

  8. Punctuation • Use a comma after introductory elements. (p. 800) • No, I haven’t had the exam yet. • Use a comma after an introductory participial phrase. • Calling for a timeout, the ref blew his whistle.

  9. Punctuation • Use commas to set off “interrupters,” or elements that interrupt a sentence. Direct address. Mother, will you… • To separate items in dates and addresses. • Saturday, June 21, 1991, Dad…

  10. Punctuation • Rule 5/6 practice

  11. Punctuation Colons and Semicolons • Use semis b/w two complete sentences if they are not joined by a conjunction. • Use semi b/w independent clauses joined by conjunctive adverbs or transitional expressions.

  12. Punctuation • Ex. Leo is planning to be an engineer; however, he is also interested in art. • Can also be used to separate two sentences joined by a conjunction if there are other commas. • B/w items in series if there are other commas.

  13. Punctuation • semicolon

  14. Punctuation Colons • Use a colon to mean “note what follows.” • Before a list of items (“as follows”) • Before a long, formal statement. • B/w hour and minute 9:55 • B/w chapter and verse in biblical references. Psalms 8:9

  15. Punctuation • colon

  16. Punctuation Apostrophes • To form the possessive case of singular nouns, add an apostrophe and an s. (boy’s) • Possessive of plural ending in s, add only the apostrophe. (boys’) • Indefinite pronouns in possessive case require ‘ and s. (anyone’s)

  17. Punctuation Apostrophe • Two or more people possess something individually, each name is possessive. • Katlin’s and Whitney’s books • Contractions: use apostrophe to show where letters, words, or numerals have been omitted.

  18. Punctuation Contractions Who is=who’s she will=she’ll Of the clock=o’clock I am=I’m • As a rule, only an –s is added to form plural of most letters and words referred to as words. Ws, ands BUT s’s and i’s

  19. Punctuation • apostrophe

  20. Punctuation Hyphens • Divide words at end of the line • Compound words from twenty-one to ninety-nine and with fractions used as adjectives. Two-thirds majority • With prefixes ex-, self-, and all- and the suffix -elect. • With all prefixes before proper nouns or adjectives.

  21. Punctuation Hyphens • Compound adjective that precedes the noun it modifies. • Well-organized paper • Do not use hyphen if one of modifiers ends in –ly.

  22. Punctuation • hyphen

  23. Punctuation Dashes • Indicates an abrupt break in thought or speech or unfinished statement. Parentheses • To enclose material of minor importance in a sentence.

  24. Punctuation • Dash/parenthesis

  25. Quotation Marks • Use quotation marks to enclose a direct quotation—someone’s exact words. • Place at beginning and end of a direct quotation • A direct quote is set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma, a question mark, or an exclamation point.

  26. Quotation Marks • Use a single quotation mark to enclose a quote within a quote.

  27. Punctuation • Quotation marks

  28. Italics • Use italics for titles of books, plays, films, periodicals, works of art, record albums, long musical compositions, TV programs, ships and aircraft.

  29. Punctuation • italics

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