Understanding Learning and Memory

1. STUDY SKILLS- CHAPTER 2 Understanding Learning and Memory

2. Contents • Flaws in Human Memory • Information-Processing System and Learning • Difference Between Rote and Meaningful Learning • Learning Strategies Promote Learning and Retention

3. I. Flaws in Human Memory I.1. Transience I.2. Absent-mindedness I.3. Blocking I.4. Misattribution I.5. Suggestibility I.6. Bias I.7. Persistence

4. I.1. Transience • The situation when individuals fail to remember a fact or idea • It is a weakening or loss of memory over time

5. I.2. Absent-mindedness • The breakdown between attention and memory

6. I.3. Blocking • The unsuccessful search for info that we may be desperately trying to retrieve Gee, what’s her name? I can’t remember it.

7. I.4. Misattribution Assigning a memory to the wrong source • Incorrectly remembering that someone told you something that you actually read about in a newspaper

8. I.5. Suggestibility • Memories that are implanted because of leading questions, comments, or suggestion Didn’t you remember the time you …..?

9. I.6. Bias The editing of changing of previous experiences based on what we now feel rather than what happened in the past • “Thương thì củ ấu cũng tròn, ghét thì bồ hòn cũng méo” She’s a devil

10. I.7. Persistence Remembering what we would prefer to omit from our memory

11. II. Information-Processing System and Learning

12. II. Information-Processing System and Learning Rehearsal elaboration organizational Attention Storage input Working memory Long-term memory Short-term Sensory store Retrieval Memory loss Memory loss

13. III. Difference Between Rote and Meaningful Learning • In rote learning,the student learns through repetition without trying to make any sense of the material • In meaningful learning, the student attempts to make sense of the info so that it will be stored in long-term memory and retrieved when it is needed

14. IV. Learning Strategies to Promote Learning and Retention IV.1. Rehearsal strategies IV.2. Elaboration strategies IV.3. Organizational strategies

15. IV.1. Rehearsal strategies • Practice, practice, practice • Distributed practice among frequent and short periods is more effective than a smaller number of sessions of massed practice

16. IV.2. Elaboration strategies Mnemonic • Acronyms: My very eager mother just served us nine pizzas Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto • Key- word methods Learning English new words Paraphrasing, summarizing, note- taking Reading Analogies A model of memory is like the information selection and storage system you use at home.

17. IV.3. Organizational strategies • Chunking F,B S,A,H,B I,M,T O,C V,U I,A 369 633 0983

18. IV.3. Organizational strategies • Chunking FBI MTV USA HBO CIA 098 3369 363

19. IV.3. Organizational strategies • Categorizing cô gái, trái tim, con chim, màu tím, ngón tay, cây kèn, màu xanh, đàn piano, người đàn ông, chim đại bàng, đứa trẻ, sáo, màu vàng

20. IV.3. Organizational strategies • Categorizing côgái, đứatrẻ, ngườiđànông tráitim, ngóntay con chim, chimđạibàng màutím, màuxanh, màuvàng câykèn, đàn piano, sáo

21. IV.3. Organizational strategies

24. Assignment Assignment 2: Bạn hãy viết lại cách bạn học những môn học như lịch sử, hóa học, toán học, địa lý,… ở bậc học phổ thông, hoặc một vài môn ở bậc cao đẳng, đại học. Giả sử bạn phải học lại những môn này, liệu rằng bạn sẽ có những điều chỉnh gì trong chiến lược học hay không? Submit the assignment 2 to: fitm@saigontech.edu.vn (mail subject: [Study Skills] - Assignment 2) Deadline: before January 27, 2014 07:30 AM

25. Identify the memory flaw • On your way back to the parking lot from class someone yells, “Hi!’ and asks how you are doing. You know that you have met the person before, but you don’t know when or where. • You tell your roommate that your mom always told you to refridgerate the ground coffee as it will taste fresher, but your mother insists she’s never said that

26. While in the grocery store, you forget to give the cashier your coupons because you were busy filling out a check. • Several weeks after the midterm, a friend asks about your essay answer. You begin to share your answer only to find that there are several details you no longer remember. • Everyone says that they wish they could go back to high school.

27. You cannot study for an upcoming quiz because you keep remembering the game-winning homerun you made yesterday. • A friend is helping you prepare for an exam by quizzing you. She asks, “The answer to this question was discussed on the day we had the fire drill, does that help you remember?”