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Lecture 5c 3 Feb 2014 Atherosclerosis - Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals. Functional foods are only marginally capable of modifying the factors involved in atherosclerosis relative to nutraceuticals Are functional foods of any value regarding
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Lecture 5c 3 Feb 2014 Atherosclerosis - Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals
Functional foods are only marginally capable of modifying the factors involved in atherosclerosis relative to nutraceuticals Are functional foods of any value regarding prevention or improvement of the atherosclerotic process?
Class activity - Factors that limit use of nutraceuticals
Nutraceuticals-impacts on lipids and lipoproteins Note: none = no studies found in humans Fish oils -lower triglycerides-mechanism is controversial -modest decrease or no impact on cholesterol and LDLc -may slightly increase or decrease or have no impact on HDLc
Nutraceuticals-impacts on lipids and lipoproteins Evening primrose oil- -most effective at lowering cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic persons -rise in HDLc only in hypertriglyceridemics- due to inverse relationship in response between triglycerides and HDLc
Nutraceuticals-impacts on lipids and lipoproteins -borage oil -no impact of up to 5.4 g GLA /day
Nutraceuticals-impacts on lipids and lipoproteins -blackcurrant oil- -drops triglycerides, LDLc and total cholesterol and raises HDLc especially in hyperlipidemics -normolipidemics there is no effect to date
Nutraceuticals-impacts on lipids and lipoproteins -garlic capsules -LDLc and cholesterol is lowered modestly by 10–15 %-allicin fingered though mechanism is not clear -atheroma regression -reduction of oxidation of lipids -may play a role in reduced platelet activity since oxidized LDL has been suggested to more aggressively increase platelet reactivity- Jialal at UC-Davis disputes this
Nutraceuticals-impacts on lipids and lipoproteins Beta-carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C -antioxidant principles -some have suggested atheroma lessening though this is controversial
Nutraceuticals-impacts on platelets -fish oils -reduction of arachidonic acid in platelet membrane phospholipid -increased EPA in platelet membrane phospholipid -generates thromboxane A3 weakly pro-aggregatory - generates PGI3 –very antiaggregatory
Nutraceuticals-impacts on platelets -evening primrose oil -DGLA-generates PGI1 -PGI1-antiaggregatory evening primrose oil-some show an increase in aggregation at higher GLA doses (300 mg/day) -at lower doses (<300 mg GLA/day)- decreased aggregation
Nutraceuticals-impacts on platelets -borage oil- no impact of up to 1.3 g GLA /day -5.24 g GLA/day increased aggregation -higher doses-hyper-reactivity – possibly due to formation of a hydroxy DGLA -blackcurrant oil-mix of omega 3 and 6 -no impact on aggregation
Nutraceuticals-impacts on platelets -garlic capsules -lower aggregation in vitro -problem with in vitro (usually washed or platelet-rich plasma)-may not be physiological -bleeding times are better- Ivy bleeding time- this is more physiological
Blood pressure and nutraceuticals - more elaboration when we get to hypertension -fish oils-modest blood pressure lowering -may be in part due to PGI3 (possibly -no PGI3 human studies found) -may also be due to drops in AA- related eicosanoids
NUTRACEUTICALS AND BLOOD PRESSURE -evening primrose oil -modest drops (possibly due to PGI1- no human PGI1 studies found) -PGE1 related drops in blood pressure -borage oil-more pronounced drops than evening primrose oil observed -blackcurrant oil- most pronounced drops of the studies done
Nutraceuticals and Blood pressure -garlic capsules -lower blood pressure due to increased nitric oxide-allicin fingered as cause of increased nitric oxide
Nutraceuticals and Obesity -olive oil -may result in weight loss -mechanism obscure (possibly oleic acid related) -fish oils -none -evening primrose oil -one study-no effect
Nutraceuticals and Obesity -borage oil -none -blackcurrant oil -none -garlic capsules -none
Nutraceuticals and Renal Disease Various Pathogens -no nutraceuticals yet studied that specifically alleviate the problems of infection that are hypothetically linked to atherosclerosis Nitric oxide -garlic capsules- increase in nitric oxide production that reduces blood pressure that reduces risk of renal disease and its progression