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The Birth of Islam. The Arabian Peninsula. Mostly desert Towns/cities/trade routes on outside. Bedouins. Nomadic Arabs Lived in the desert. A desert -dwelling Arabian ethnic group traditionally divided into tribes, or clans, known in Arabic as ʿašāʾir ( عَشَائِر ). Pre-Mohammed.
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The Arabian Peninsula Mostly desert Towns/cities/trade routes on outside
Bedouins • Nomadic Arabs • Lived in the desert A desert-dwelling Arabian ethnic group traditionally divided into tribes, or clans, known in Arabic as ʿašāʾir (عَشَائِر)
Pre-Mohammed • Kaaba – Sacred • Allah – Supreme God
Muhammad • Born about 570 C.E. • Successful Merchant • Married Khadijah (former boss) • Traveled and interacted with Jews + Christians • Prayed in caves a lot • 610 C.E. Angel appears to him
Revelations… or messages from the Angel Angel Gabriel gives Muhammad messages for humans from god Allah – only true/all powerful god
Spreading the Revelations • Begins to preach in public • Many in Mecca fearful of him • Flees Mecca 619 C.E.
A Growing Following Settles in Medina 622 C.E. Mecca and Medina fight, by 630 Mohammad controls Mecca
The Qur’an (or Koran) Mohammad couldn’t read or write Teachings were written down, became the Qur’an
The 5 Pillars Profess faith – “There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of god” 5 daily prayers facing Mecca Charity (Alms) to the poor Fasting during Ramadan Hajj – if physically/financially able, must travel to Mecca
632 C.E. Muhammad Died Abu Bakr – becomes first caliph (or successor) Keeps strong military Expands Muslim rule to the North
Division Ali Uthman From Umayyad converted clan Umayyads only went to Islam when they had no choice Muhammad’s enemies • Cousin of Muhammad
Conflict Uthman made caliph Killed Ali becomes caliph civil war – Ali killed Umayyad Dynasty
Two Groups of Muslims Sunnis way of the prophet Shia Party of Ali Refused to accept Umayyads Believed Allah had blessed Ali’s family • Majority of Muslims accepted the Umayyad
Umayyads Unpopular Shia continue to Oppose Abbasid family lead revolts – 740s C.E. Abbasid Dynasty
The Abbasids • Made Islam more universal • Spread Islam from Southeast Asia to West Africa • “Golden Age of Islam” • “The Translation” – gathering of as much knowledge as possible, and preservation of ancient writings
The Abbasids lost their empire bit by bit: Poor management of empire led to revolts Constant struggle of succession Over-use of resources By ~950 C.E. Egypt + Syria broke away …and invaders sack Baghdad
The 1st Crusade 1096-1099 Christians from Europe invade and Capture Jerusalem Islamic Armies retake all lost territory by 1291
So, massive mounted armies could not overthrow Muslim rule. Unless they were… Wait for it…
…The Mongols! uuu
Baghdad is sacked in 1258 This marks the end of the Abbasid Golden Age period The end of a single Islamic Empire Egypt and other small parts of the empire survive