BELLWORK

1. BELLWORK • Why was WWII more of a total war than WWI? (pg.167 in ch.8 packet) • How did Americans prepare for WWI at home? Do you think they did the same things in preparation for WWII? • What was the Lend-Lease Act? • Make a prediction  How will WWII change the roles of minority groups, like natives, women, blacks, etc? • THINKER: During a war, the enemy is often villainized, so who do you think the U.S. “villainized” during WWII? How did this affect U.S. citizens from that specific group?

5. WWII: The American Homefront More than 16 million American men and women (1/10 of population) served in the armed forces. Those who remained at home found themselves taking on the responsibilities of “citizen soldiers.” Decisions that were once personal – what to buy, what to eat, how to spend time and money – now had global consequences

6. Preparation for War • Selective Training and Service Act of 1940: all men 18-45 were required to register for service • Production of consumer goods stopped and factories converted to war production. • Production created a massive increase in employment and wages.

9. Preparation for War: Rationing • Creation of 8,000 rationing boards nationwide • Sugar, butter, meat, gasoline, rubber, coffee, nylon, shoes, chicken wire • Uniform coupon rationing: equal shares of a good (sugar) • Point rationing: coupons issued for points which could be spent for any combination of items in the group (processed foods, meats, fats, cheese) • Differential coupon rationing: shares of a single product according to varying needs (gasoline, fuel oil) • Certificate rationing allowed individuals products only after an application demonstrated need (tires, cars, stoves, typewriters) • Rationing caused many civilians to plant victory gardens

15. Financing the War • Federal spending increased to $95.2 billion. • Higher taxes paid for 41% of the war. The government borrowed the rest of the money from banks, private investors and the public. • Americans bought war bonds to help finance the war.

17. Minority Involvement Changing roles of women, Native Americans, Mexican Americans and African Americans

18. Preparation for War: Stop Internal Threats After Pearl Harbor, many U.S. citizens felt prejudice and fear towards Japanese Americans. In 1942, FDR signed Executive Order 9066, which sent Japanese (both citizens and non citizens) to camps far from the coast. Internment camps caused Japanese Americans to lose their property, businesses, farms and homes.

20. "A viper is nonetheless a viper whenever the egg is hatched - so a Japanese American, born of Japanese parents - grows up to be a Japanese, not an American.“ • Los Angeles Times • "I am for the immediate removal of every Japanese on the West Coast to a point deep in the interior. I don't mean a nice part of the interior either. Herd 'em up, pack 'em off and give 'em the inside room in the badlands. Personally, I hate the Japanese. And that goes for all of them.“ • Henry McLemore, columnist

25. WRA = WAR RELOCATION AUTHORITY

26. Japanese Internment In the case Korematsu vs. United States (1944), the Supreme Court ruled wartime relocation was constitutional and the policy was not based on race. “The military urgency of the situation demanded that all citizens of Japanese ancestry be segregated from the West Coast temporarily.” In 1988, Congress gave each surviving Japanese American $20,000 and an official apology.

27. Japanese Americans in the Military The military refused to accept Japanese Americans until 1943. More than 17,000 fought for the U.S. in WWII. The soldiers of the all-Japanese 442nd Regimental Combat Team won more medals for bravery than any other unit in U.S. history. Video Clip!

28. Minorities in WWII • On the home front, minority groups were playing a large role. • To better understand these roles, you are going to do a jigsaw reading activity. • In a group of four, each person will have a different minority group. • Read independently! Take two notes on how your group was involved in WWII. • When everyone is done, share the notes with each other • Women, African Americans, Native Americans, & Mexican Americans.

29. Native Americans http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq61-4.htm Code talkers were Navajo radio operators who helped secure communications in the Pacific. Navajo was an “unbreakable” code and difficult for the enemy to translate.

30. African Americans

32. Mexican Americans

34. Women

35. Women During WWII As men were drafted into the armed services, women took jobs in manufacturing, war defense, aircraft factories, shipyards and other industries. By 1944, women made up 35% of the total work force. Still earned much less than men doing the same jobs.

36. Rosie the Riveter A fictional woman created in 1942 to recruit new women workers. She was a home front hero, worked in a defense plant, and her boyfriend served in the Marines.

37. All the day long whether rain or shineShe’s a part of the assembly lineShe’s making history, working for victoryRosie the RiveterKeeps a sharp lookout for sabotageSitting up there on the fuselageThat little frail can do more than a male will doRosie the Riveter Rosie’s got a boyfriend, CharlieCharlie, he’s a MarineRosie is protecting CharlieWorking overtime on the riveting machineWhen they gave her a production “E”She was as proud as a girl could beThere’s something true aboutRed, white, and blue aboutRosie the Riveter

38. Rosie the Riveter http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9CQ0M0wx00s What does Rosie represent? What is this song encouraging people to do? How is Rosie protecting Charlie? Do you think this would be an effective form of propaganda during WWII? Explain.