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Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics. SASP 18 th March 2010. Energy. A can of worms – particularly at KS3 Transfer Transport Transform Stores Pathways A problem, but not for today ( Some stuff on wiki, Millar). Temperature and Heat. Light touch today, more another time (in parent language “we’ll see”)

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Thermodynamics

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  1. Thermodynamics SASP 18th March 2010

  2. Energy • A can of worms – particularly at KS3 • Transfer • Transport • Transform • Stores • Pathways • A problem, but not for today • ( Some stuff on wiki, Millar)

  3. Temperature and Heat Light touch today, more another time(in parent language “we’ll see”) • Temperature – a measure of hotness or coldness of an object • Heat • Energy • Depends upon • Mass • Temperature • Nature of object (specific heat capacity)

  4. Temperature Scales • F,R,C,K • oF is for old people, like pounds and ounces BUT conversion is a skill so lets not dispose of it all together • R just for some US engineers • oC not C. Centigrade just means that, we want Celsius, and degress at that. • K is not oK as it is absolute. small point but important

  5. Lets look at reality – go Macro When I heat things, they expand

  6. Thermal Expansion ΔL = k L ΔT So? Well the amount something expands when heated depends on how long it was in the first place (L), the amount it’s temperature changes (ΔT) and something to do with the material (k) called the coefficient of thermal expansion.

  7. Two important physics ideas • The coefficient: A way of making an inequality into an equals. BUT the key thing here is that it is something for a material and NOT an object. Work out k for Copper and you can do the sums for any object made of copper • The gradient: A driving force behind so much of things happening in physics. ΔT here but could be anything • ΔK is equivalent to ΔoC but best go the K way

  8. Let’s quantify ‘heating up’ E = m c ΔT c is specific heat capacity of material Units= Jkg-1K-1

  9. What happens when state changes? Possibly not what you might expect

  10. Because of state change m c ΔT isn’t enough E = m L L is specific latent heat of fusion/vaporisation Units= Jkg-1 Change of state AT CONSTANT TEMPERATURE

  11. E = m c ΔTE = m L Q = m c ΔTQ = m L

  12. Q = m c ΔT Q = m L Q = m c ΔT Q = m c ΔT Q = m L Both L and c are material and not object specific quantities, much more useful.

  13. Lets look at heat moving(thermal transfer or energy) HEAT

  14. Thermal transfer of energy Conduction • Transferred directly within a material • ΔT across material is the driving force Convection • Transport by bulk movement • Density, buoyancy, currents • Free and forced, Newton, T or T5/4 Radiation • By means of electromagnetic waves • The black body • Stephan

  15. Conduction • Good conductors (metals) it’s mainly electrons • Poor conductors it’s mainly inter-atomic collisions We have idealised models Because the truth is messy

  16. Thermal conductivity We can quantify an ideal situation Q/t = k A ΔT/L Q/t = Rate of heat flow k = Thermal conductivity (Wm-1K-1) A = Cross sectional area ΔT/L = Temperature gradient

  17. An experimental value U takes into account the reality of the situation including convection at surface and a slow moving ‘trapped’ layer

  18. Radiation • The energy radiated per second • Area • Temperature • Nature of object • Why T and not ΔT? • Well, we are all at it. It is just often Qin=Qout • What comes out? • A continuous span of wavelengths, dependent upon T • At T < 1000K almost all IR • At T > 1000 Visible and UV also (1700K is white hot)

  19. Radiation The energy radiated per second • Area • Temperature • Nature of object As an equation Q/t = e σ A T4 Q/t = rate of energy emitted by radiation e = emissivity (B=1 skin=0.7) σ = SB constant 5.67 × 10-8 Js-1m-2K-4 A = Area T4= Temperature K

  20. We want to care about particles Just not yet – stay macro. Bulk properties = not particle

  21. Work and heat Work: energy transferred to a system by the application of a force (ΔW) Heat: energy transferred not by a force and our old friend ΔT is the driving force for this (ΔQ) Now, we are nearly ready to jump into the world of thermodynamics

  22. Some more terms Internal energy: Potential energy in bonds and KE of particle motion (ΔU) Adiabatic: No heat transfer (ΔQ=0) Isothermal: You guessed it (ΔT=0) Now, lets go...

  23. 0,1 Zeroth: If Q=0 then ΔT = 0 First: ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW Signs really matter • ΔQ = Heat entering • ΔU = Change in internal energy • ΔW = Work done BY body ΔQ ΔU ΔW

  24. JPJ The mechanical equivalence of heat

  25. 2 What we normally want is ΔQ going to ΔW This is sort of the point of most engines But life isn’t like that and imperfect. The second law quantifies the imperfection η = W/Q • η = efficiency of heat engine • W = work done by engine • Q = heat provided to engine

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