Aerosol network

1. Aerosol network GuoxunTian CS 790G Fall 2010

2. Overview • Introduction • Why is it important to study? • Harms from air pollution • Aerosol transport • Why ozone? And why California • Ozone transport and Previous Work • Conclusion • Questions

3. Introduction • Definition of aerosol Technically, an aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in a gas. Examples are smoke, oceanic haze, air pollution, smog and CS gas (C10H5ClN2) Fig. 1 Aerosol-contamination in northeastern India and Bangladesh

4. Introduction Beijing, OCT .08 2010

5. Introduction What do aerosol looks like?Pictures of Aerosol Particles from Biomass Burning Chakrabarty, R. K., H. Moosmüller, M. A. Garro, W. P. Arnott, J. W. Walker, R. A. Susott, R. E. Babbitt, C. E. Wold, E. N. Lincoln, and W. M. Hao (2006). “Emissions from the Laboratory Combustion of Wildland Fuels: Particle Morphology and Size.”J. Geophys. Res.111, doi:10.1029/2005jd006659 (in press).

6. Introduction Source of aerosol • There are many pollutants: Ozone (O3), Respirable Particulate Matter (PM10) , Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Sulfates, Hydrogen Sulfide ……. There are many source of above pollutants and the interaction between them are complex.

7. Introduction: Source of aerosol Satellite Image of Wildfire Smoke Smoke from Southern California wildfires (26-Oct.-2003)

8. Introduction: Source of aerosol Burning Brazilian Forest near Ji Parana: Pyrocumulus Courtesy Michael Welling, SMOCC (Sept 25, 2002)

9. Introduction Source of aerosol In our daily life

10. Introduction Source of aerosol • Source of PM10 and PM2.5: PM10: Dust, Windblown Dust (Agriculture) and Construction (Fireplaces) Also formed from other pollutants (acid rain, NOx, SOx, organics). Incomplete combustion of any fuel. PM2.5: Fuel Combustion in Motor Vehicles, Equipment and Industrial Sources, Residential and Agricultural Burning. Also formed from reaction of other pollutants (acid rain, NOx, SOx, organics).

11. Introduction Source of aerosol In our daily life

12. Introduction Why is it important to study California's air pollution control program is one of the most effective in the world. Coordinated state, regional, and local efforts have steadily improved air quality. As a result, the air is the cleanest in years. For example, in the Los Angeles area - the most seriously polluted region in the nation - the highest levels of pollution have dropped by 25 percent since 1980. Annual exposure to smog has decreased by 50 percent. But Pollution is Still a Problem. Despite these improvements, California continues to face the nation's greatest air quality challenge. The state's sunny climate, pollution-trapping mountains and valleys, along with the activities of 32 million Californians all contribute to the problem. Every year more than 90 percent of all Californians breathe unhealthy, polluted air. This harms our health,the economy and climate.

13. Introduction Why is it important to study • Climate changing(global warming, ice melting, etc) • Health effect (e.g. inhaled atmospheric particles were found in the lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, heart, brain etc.) • Economy (Every year, Californians lose billions of dollars due to air pollution. The cost of health-related problems, plus damage to crops, forests, and wild vegetation, all add up to a big drain on California's economy. Air pollution is something we can't afford. Estimated Adjusted Mortality-Rate Ratios and Pollution Levels in the Six Cities (USA).

14. Aerosol transportation Schematic diagram

15. Black Carbon Emissions Ton/yr-1from a study by Bond et al. The uncertainty is about ±100% or more. DOMESTIC COAL BURNING BIOMASS BURNING • TOTAL BIOMASS BURNING from 4000 to 10400 Tg a-1 • Total soot production from 60 to 100 Tg a-1 Emissions from -fuel combustion(fossil fuels and biofuels) -open biomass burning (forest fires, savanna burning and outdoor cooking)

16. Global Aerosol Transport 3 2 Westerlies and Trade winds http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.png

17. Transport of East Asian Dust across the pacific April 1998 event R. Husar et al.(1998) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinadustmovie.gif http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dust_movie.gif

18. What is Ozone? Ozone, an important ingredient of smog, is a highly reactive and unstable gas capable of damaging the linings of the respiratory tract. This pollutant forms in the atmosphere through complex reactions between chemicals directly emitted from vehicles, industrial plants, and many other sources. Key pollutants involved in ozone formation are hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide gases.

19. Why ozone? • Ozone is a colorless gas at normal atmospheric concentrations that is a natural part of the environment. In the upper atmosphere, ozone protects the earth from exposure to harmful ultraviolet rays. However, ozone can be formed in the lower atmosphere by natural processes or by man-made pollutants.

20. O3 = + Where Does Ozone Come From? Ozone is created by a chemical reaction: VOC + NOx + Heat + Sunlight = Ozone VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) and Nox (Nitrogen Oxides) come from motor vehicles, power plants, industrial facilities, and other sources.

21. Why ozone?

22. Standard of Ozone

23. Why is Ozone Bad to Breathe? • The average adult breathes enough air to fill over 3,000 balloons each day. Children breathe even more! • Ozone can irritate lungs and airways, and cause inflammation much like a sunburn on your lungs. • Ozone can aggravate respiratory illnesses like asthma. • 10 to 20% of summertime respiratory-related hospital visits in the Northeast are associated with ozone pollution. • Children and people with chronic lung diseases are particularly at risk.

24. Why California • There are currently 4 states in the West with areas that do not comply with the 8-hour standard, including California, Nevada, Arizona, and Colorado. The graph contains a map showing areas classified as non-attainment in the West. And California was the worst.

25. Ozone Transport Long-range transport, is caused by a number of factors. The main factor found by the East being the flow and direction of wind. In a paper prepared by the System Applications International, Inc. dealing with the long-range transport of ozone, it was found that “moderate to high wind speeds were classified as having a moderate to high potential for a contribution from transport” (Douglas and Hudischewskyj, 1997).

26. Ozone Transport • Long-range transport of ozone and precursors has become a question in the West. Unlike the East, Western ozone was typically thought to be isolated to a local area. Recent modeling for the Denver Early Action Compact indicated transported ozone significantly impacted the final ozone concentration recorded in the Denver region (Regional Air Quality Council, 2004).

27. Ozone Transport July 1 - 2 Robert A. Baxter, CCM T&B Systems Clark County Air Quality Forum – 03/14/06

28. Conclusion Studying Ozone transport network is important Hope I can find something new. 

29. ThanksQuestion