Presentation Transcript

1. Ohio Achievement Assessment Review in Science

   Topics Identified on the Practice Test as, “I Need To Review!”
2. Measurement Mass is measured by a triple beam balance. Volume is measured using a graduated cylinder or the formula L x W x H (for a solid rectangular object). Density is calculated by Mass / Volume. Weight is a measurement of gravity’s effect on mass; can change based on the amount of gravity.
3. Changes to Matter Chemical changes alter the things in the reaction so “new stuff” is created; can’t be reversed easily (ex: burning, rusting). Physical changes change the appearance, but not the substances; can easily be reversed (ex: state of matter, shape). During any reaction, mass isn’t created or destroyed. The amount of mass always stays the same. That’s called the law of conservation of matter.
4. Motion Motionis defined as changing position over time. Change in motion occurs because forces acting on the object are unbalanced. When forces are balanced, there is no change to an object’s motion (remember the tug-of-war examples?). Speed is one way to measure motion, and is distance / time (think miles / hour).
5. Balanced & Unbalanced Forces Balanced = Motion Doesn’t Change Unbalanced = Motion Changes
6. Fossil Fuels Fossil fuelsform from the fossilized remains of dead organisms (most likely lived in a swamp or marsh when alive). We burn fossil fuels to generate energy. This energy is consumed as electricity, gas that cooks food & heats our house, etc. Fossil fuels are not renewable – there is a certain amount of them on Earth and once they are gone, they are gone. Examples are… gasoline, oil, natural gas, coal.
7. Renewable Resources There is a push to develop renewable sources of energy. Renewable resources are usually less damaging to the environment. Examples: solar (sun), hydro-electric (energy from moving water), geothermal, nuclear, wind These forms of energy have other issues that limit their wide-spread use, the biggest being cost to harness the energy and means to store energy for later use.
8. Energy Consumption Think… Would you increase or decrease your energy usage if you turned up your air conditioning? What if you turned your heat up?
9. Energy Consumption Think… Would you increase or decrease your energy usage if you turned up your air conditioning? (If you turned up your air conditioning, you would save energy so it wouldn’t have to work so hard to bring down the temperature) What if you turned your heat up? (If you turned your heat up, you would increase your energy usage as it would work harder to maintain a higher temperature)
10. Earth’s Motion The Earth rotates (spins – causes day/night) and revolves (makes an orbit – causes years). Seasons on Earth are caused by the tilt of the Earth as it moves around the sun; indirect light hits during winter (cool) & direct light hits during summer (hot). The northern & southern hemispheres have seasons exactly opposite of one another.
11. Earth’s Motion
12. Weather Weather moves from west to east in the United States. Low pressure = cloudy, chance of precipitation; High pressure = clear skies Think… there is high pressure on Mother Nature for nice days! Cold fronts (blue, look like icicles) bring cooler air; Warm fronts (red, look like suns rising) bring warmer air; Stationary fronts(alternating suns & icicles) mean the air isn’t moving too much (not a lot of change)
13. Weather Map Symbols Here are the “basic” symbols to understand. I have blocked some with these boxes, as they contain info that is more than you really need to know. 
14. Clouds
15. Cells Organelles are parts of the cell: Nucleus = brain Mitochondria = “mighty” creates energy ER (Endoplasmic reticulum) = transports messages (like the ambulance transports to the ER) Vacuoles = store water & food Ribosomes = “ribs” store protein Chloroplasts = only in plants… do photosynthesis Cell membrane = lets in & out things from the cell Cell wall = provides structure to plant cells Cytoplasm = holds everything in place
16. Cells Plant cellsare different from animal cells because they are usually more organized, have a cell wall, and may contain chloroplasts. Animal cells are more free-formed shape, less organized, and contain smaller vacuoles.
17. Moon Cycle The same side of the moon is always being “lit” by the sun. When the moon is in between the sun & Earth, we can’t see the lit side (new moon). When the Earth is between the sun & the moon, we can see the entire lit side (full moon). The above statements are true, unless there is an eclipse. The moon changes its appearance in the sky because of its change in position relative to the Earth & the sun.
18. Moon Cycle
19. Organisms Interact with One Another SymbiosisorSymbiotic Relationships: Parasitic relationship = one organism benefits & another is harmed. Mutualism relationship = both organisms benefit from the relationship. Commensalism = one organism benefits and the other isn’t affected.
20. The Rock Cycle Igneous rocks form when magma/lava cools (near volcanoes, think “ignite”) Sedimentary rocks for when little “bits” of “stuff” (called sediments) solidify to become rock (usually near/under water) Metamorphic rocks form when a rock is exposed to heat & pressure & changes (think “morphs”) into a new, different rock Based on the conditions, rocks are constantly changing form… that’s the rock cycle!
21. The Rock Cycle
22. Weathering & Erosion Weathering & erosionis a process that breaks down rocks of Earth’s surface (weathering), transferring sediments to other places (erosion) Deposition is the building up of sediments
23. Plate Boundaries Convergent(plates collide) creates subduction zones (trenches), tall mountains, volcanoes, earthquakes – crust is destroyed Divergent(plates pull apart) creates sea-floor spreading, ridges, rifts, small mountains, small volcanoes, earthquakes – crust is created Transform (plates slide past) creates earthquakes
24. Plate Boundaries
25. Energy Potential energyis stored (has the “potential” but isn’t showing it) Kinetic energyis the energy of motion These two are exactly opposite – when one is high, the other is low
26. Types of Energy Examples: electrical, mechanical, thermal, radiant, nuclear, acoustic When energy changes from one form to another, the total amount of energy stays the same – called the Law of Conservation of Energy
27. Tides The moon controls the tides because it is closer to Earth (compared to the Sun, which has more gravitational pull) Tides are highest when the sun & moon work together to pull on Earth’s water (spring tide)
28. Experimentation When developing an experiment, the controls are the parts that stay the same between all of your trials. The independent variable is what you deliberately change to see what will happen. The dependent variables are the effects of the independent variable that you observe as a result of the change you made. Slide 1 of 2
29. Experimentation Example: You decide to see what kind fertilizer makes a plant grow the tallest. Controls = amount of sunlight, water, fertilizer given, temperature of plants; “What do I keep the same?” Independent variable = different kinds of fertilizer; “What did I change?” Dependent variable = height of the plants, possibly the health of the plans that is different because of the different kinds of fertilizers used; “What do I observe?” Slide 2 of 2
30. Waves Waves transfer energy, not matter. Examples of waves: earthquake/seismic, water, light, sound Some waves need a medium, or something to travel through (like sound, seismic) and some don’t (like light) Waves cause energy to spread in all directions from the source.
31. Eclipses Eclipses occur when the light from one celestial body is blocked by another: Lunar eclipse = the moon’s light is blocked Solar eclipse = the sun’s light is blocked