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Characteristics and Ecology of Nacobbus aberrans in Mexico

ifit. COLEGIO DE POSTGRADUADOS INSTITUTO DE FITOSANIDAD. Characteristics and Ecology of Nacobbus aberrans in Mexico. Dr. Ignacio Cid del Prado Vera. NEMATOLOGÍA AGRÍCOLA IFIT-CP. Nacobbus aberrans. - Wide host range. - High population density in the field .

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Characteristics and Ecology of Nacobbus aberrans in Mexico

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  1. ifit COLEGIO DE POSTGRADUADOS INSTITUTO DE FITOSANIDAD Characteristics and Ecology of Nacobbus aberrans in Mexico Dr. Ignacio Cid del Prado Vera NEMATOLOGÍA AGRÍCOLA IFIT-CP

  2. Nacobbus aberrans -Wide host range. - High population density in the field. - Resistant to adverse condition. - Produce severe galls in the roots. IN MÉXICO: - First report by Bruner in pepper crops (1967). - Impact: + Hidalgo State.- Abandon production. + Tecamachalco, Puebla.- Losses of 83%. (Cid del Prado et al., 1997, Cristóbal, 2001).

  3. N. aberrans distribution in Mexico Cid del Prado et al. (1991).

  4. N. aberrans STUDIES IN MEXICO Host range Morphology Plant nutrition Survival Genetic resistance Population dynamics Integrated pest management Biological control

  5. MORPHOLOGY

  6. FEMALE MALE MALE N. aberrans

  7. MALE FEMALE FEMALE MALE N. dorsalis

  8. HOST RANGE (Aparicio, et al., 1989; Cid del Prado, 1985; Cid del Prado and Manzanilla, 1992; Cid del Prado et al., 1993; Cid del Prado et al., 1997; Carrillo, 1988; Cruz et al., 1987, García-Camargo and Trejo, 1995; Santacruz and Marbán, 1983).

  9. iMPORTANT ECONOMIC CROPS IN MEXICO TOMATO (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

  10. CHILI PEPPER (Capsicum annuum L.)

  11. BEANS (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

  12. OTHER IMPORTANT CROPS Spinacea oleracea L. Beta vulgaris L.cv. cicla Amaranthus cruentus L. Physalis ixocarpa L.

  13. WILD HOST PLANTS Amaranthus hybridus Portulaca oleracea Chenopodium murale Datura stramonium

  14. POPULATION DYNAMICS - Complete life cycle (40-45 days) and maximum abundances of each stage in the roots. (Cid del Prado et al., 1995b; Cid del Prado et al., 1997a). - Maximum abundances in tomato crops: 1) J2 at 6, 11, 15 and 22 weeks after transplanting. 2) J3 at 4, 8 and 16 weeks after transplanting. - Adult females are evident in the second and third week after transplanting. Abundances may reach 20 females/g root (16th week). (Cid del Prado et al., 1997).

  15. POPULATION DYNAMICS - In tomato crops under field conditions, 3 generations: 1st. 0 60 days after transplanting (d.a.t.). 2nd. 60 100 d.a.t. 3rd. More that 100 d.a.t. (Cristóbal, 2001). - Most favorable conditions for N. aberrans development include sand to sandy-loam soils, temperature range between 15 and 23°C and 5 and 19% soil moisture. (Cruz et al., 1987)

  16. Field: 10 kg sterilized soil plots. SURVIVAL 4 plots with 5000 J3 and J4 4 plots with 5000 EGGS WITH MASS 4 plots with 5000 EGGS WITHOUT MASS 4 plots with 500g fragmented ROOTS 4 plots with 5000 J2 4 PLOTS WITHOUT NEMATODES Before treatment, inoculum viability is tested in the greenhouse 400g each month (12 months) Greenhouse: Transplanted with tomato cv. Rio Grande (2 plants/treatment), evaluated 45 days later.

  17. - N. aberransJ3 and J4survive under field conditions without a host for one year. - J3 and J4, possibly in anhydrobiotic state, are the primary inoculum infecting susceptible hosts the next year. - Survival of J3 and J4 increases if they are in root fragments. - Eggs and J2 do not survive without a host or under adverse conditions. (Cristóbal, 2001). SURVIVAL

  18. EFFECTS ON PLANT NUTRITION (Nitrogen) Without nematodes With nematodes Roots Foliage

  19. EFFECTS ON PLANT NUTRITION (Phosphorus) Without nematodes With nematodes Roots Foliage

  20. EFFECTS ON PLANT NUTRITION (Potassium) Without nematodes With nematodes Roots Foliage

  21. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL *ORGANIC AMENDMENTS *NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI

  22. ORGANIC AMENDMENTS Corn and barley straw, 1973). Association and/or incorporation of Tagetes(Gómez et al., 1991; Zavaleta-Mejía and Ochoa, 1992). Crucifer residues with nematicide activity (Zavaleta-Mejía and Rojas, 1988).  Castor bean and cabbage residues applied at different concentrations and at different dates before the transplanting (Franco et al., 2002).

  23. CABBAGE / CASTOR BEAN SOIL Lycopersicon esculentum-Nacobbus aberrans Release of nematicidal substances and/or reception inhibitors. Increase antagonist microorganism diversity. Modification of physical properties of soil. Release nutrients (short-term). 1. INCREASE IN THE NUTRIENT CONTENT OF FOLIAGE 2. REDUCE NUTRIENT UNBALANCE INDEX (IDN) 10 DAT (1-2% p/v) 0 DAT (1-2% p/v) - Fewer galls. - Phytotoxicity (Cabbage). - Fewer galls. - Biomass increase (Cabbage) LOWER LEVELS OF SOIL NUTRIENTS GREENHOUSE

  24. CABBAGE FIELD SOIL Lycopersicon esculentum-Nacobbus aberrans Release of nematicidal substances and/or reception inhibitors. Increase antagonist microorganism diversity. Modification of physical properties of soil. Release nutrients (short-term). 3.3 kg/m2 cabbage 1 week before transplanting 5.3 kg/m2 cabbage at transplanting - FEWER GALLS. - INCREASE OF BIOMASS. HIGHER YIELD (Total and Commercial). 1. FEWER INDIVIDUALS PER STAGE (SOIL AND ROOTS) 1. GREATER QUANTITY OF NUTRIENTS 2. LOWER IDN

  25. NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI Samplings in Mexico, Morelos, Puebla and Tlaxcala States (fields naturally infested with N. aberrans) Isolates of nematophagous fungi: Phoma, Acremonium, Catenophora and Pochonia chlamydosporia (identified by PCR) Mexican isolations of P. chlamydosporia: SMB3A, SC1, SMB3, SM4 and MHCH. (Flores-Camacho, 2003). LAB TESTING (Potential as biological control agents) Chlamydospores - production and viability (Wheat-quartz sand and preboiled rice) N. aberrans eggs - percent parasitized Rhizosphere colonization

  26. CHLAMYDOSPORE - PRODUCTION AND VIABILITY NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI - IN WHEAT-QUARTZ SAND: SMB3A (MOST PROLIFIC ISOLATE) - IN PREBOILED RICE: SM4 (MOST PROLIFIC ISOLATE) CHLAMYDOSPORES VIABILITY: SMB3A (93.3%) ROOT COLONIZATION ALL THE ISOLATES COLONIZED 100% OF ROOT FRAGMENTS

  27. EGG PARASITISM N. aberrans (Tecamachalco) N. aberrans (Montecillo) N. aberrans (Zacatecas)

  28. GENETIC RESISTANCE

  29. GENETIC RESISTANCE IN CHILI PEPPER - Of 90 varieties and lines of Capsicum spp., only Capsicum pendulum = C. baccatum was considered resistant. (Bruner de Magar, 1967). - Later studies demonstrated that C. baccatum was susceptible-tolerant to N. aberrans, but not resistant. (Castillo and Marbán-Mendoza, 1984). GENETIC RESISTANCE IN TOMATO • - All tomato varieties (wild, criollas, hybrid) tested in the greenhouse (60) and in the field (81) were susceptible to N. aberrans. • Some varieties tested in the greenhouse were tolerant under field conditions. • (Zamudio, 1987).

  30. GENETIC RESISTANCE IN BEANS N. aberrans (PUEBLA) N. aberrans (ZACATECAS) 0, 1000, 2000 and 4000 J2/plant Flor de Mayo Criollo The population from Puebla did not establish or reproduce, but the population from Zacatecas infected bean crops (from 100 J2) (Hernández, 2001).

  31. GENETIC RESISTANCE IN BEANS Improved varieties: Bayo Mecentral, Flor de Mayo M-38, Bayo INIFAP,Black Puebla and Río Grande. Criollas varieties: Yelow Calpan, Black Querétaro, Black San Luís, Flor de Junio Criollo and Flor de Mayo Criollo.

  32. SUSCEPTIBLE VARIETIES Negro Puebla Bayo INIFAP MORE... Black Querétaro Flor de Junio Criollo Flor de Mayo Criollo

  33. RESISTANT VARIETIES CRIOLLAS IMPROVED Bayo Mecentral Amarillo Calpan Negro San Luis Rio Grande

  34. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

  35. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT FOR N. aberrans SPRING-SUMMER 1997 MANAGEMENT Basamid (Dazomet) 35 g/m2 Chicken manure 10 ton/ha CONTROL Crop age= 30 days after transplanting

  36. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT FOR N. aberrans Total tomato production under different N. aberranscontrol strategies

  37. SPRING-SUMMER 2001 INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT Etoprofos gel 68% (7 kg ha-1) at transplant and 20 dpt Optimum fertilization: 210-88-00 Chicken manure (10 tonha-1): 30 dpt REGIONAL PRACTICES Carbofuran (1L ha-1) 15, 30 and 60 dpt Fertilization:150-100-100 CONTROL No nematicide No fertilization Saladette tomato cv. Río Grande

  38. Manejo Integrado Integrated Management Regional Practices Testigo Regional Testigo Absoluto Control

  39. Total Yield Commercial Yield Yield (kg/15 plants) Manejo Integrado Integrated Management Testigo Regional Regional Practices Testigo Absoluto Control Treatments

  40. WHAT DO WE NEED TO DO? • EXPLORE DIFFERENT STRATEGIES FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROLOF N. aberrans (plant extracts, green manures, compost, antagonists, etc.). • 2. IMPROVE AND VALIDATE THE STUDIES WITH MEXICAN ISOLATES OF NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI (large scale production and infectivity tests). • 3. GREATER USE OF VARIETIES RESISTANT TO MEXICAN POPULATIONS OF N. aberrans (tomato, chili pepper, bean). • 4. CONTINUE THE ESTABLISHMENT AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER FOR INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT OF N. aberrans. • 5. PROMOTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS FOR N. aberrans AMONG FARMERS AND EXTENSION PERSONNEL. • 6. MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF THE POPULATIONS.

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