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An Introduction to Millimeter Wave Communications MAO Yuyi 14/11/2013

An Introduction to Millimeter Wave Communications MAO Yuyi 14/11/2013. Outline. What’s MMW? Benefits for MMW Propagation Characteristic of MMW Application: 60GHz MMW system Millimeter Wave MIMO MMW Application Now Challenges. Outline. What’s MMW? Benefits for MMW

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An Introduction to Millimeter Wave Communications MAO Yuyi 14/11/2013

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  1. An Introduction to Millimeter Wave CommunicationsMAO Yuyi14/11/2013

  2. Outline • What’s MMW? • Benefits for MMW • Propagation Characteristic of MMW • Application: 60GHz MMW system • Millimeter Wave MIMO • MMW Application Now • Challenges

  3. Outline • What’s MMW? • Benefits for MMW • Propagation Characteristic of MMW • Application: 60GHz MMW system • Millimeter Wave MIMO • MMW Application Now • Challenges

  4. What’s MMW? • Microwave: 300MHz~300GHz • Millimeter Wave: 30GHz~300GHz, i.e., wave length, 1~10mm.

  5. History of EM Waves • 1865, J. C. Maxwell’s equation predicted the existences of EMW propagation. • 1888, Hertz demonstrate the generation of EMW, show their properties are similar to light. • 1895, J. C. Bose, use EMW to ring a bell remotely to explode gun powers, and published in Daily Chronicle of England. • 1896, the 14.4km wireless communication experiment by Marconi. Maxwell Hertz Marconi

  6. Jagadis Chandra Bose——Father of MMW Development: 1) Spark transmitters generating polarized sharp beam radio waves at Millimeter Wave length. 2) Sensitive spiral spring coherer for millimeter waves. 3) Galena detector for millimeter waves, infrared and optical waves. 4) Dielectric lens for millimeter waves. 5) Wire grid polarizer for millimeter waves. 6) Cylindrical diffraction grating for millimeter waves 7) Horn antenna J. C. Bose [1] A. K. Sen, Sir J. C. Bose and Radio Science, IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, 1997.

  7. Jagadis Chandra Bose——Father of MMW Contributions: 1) 1895, demonstration of 60GHz communications, 2 yrs before Marconi. 2) Semi conducting crystals and PN junctions. 3) MMW components and assemblies. 4) Predict solar and terrestrial atmosphere can asbord MMW. Antenna & Polarizer Point Contact Detector 60GHz Polarizer Attenuator

  8. Outline • What’s MMW? • Benefits for MMW • Propagation Characteristic of MMW • Application: 60GHz MMW system • Millimeter Wave MIMO • MMW Application Now • Challenges

  9. Benefits for using MMW-large bandwidth • Rapid Growth of ICT Industry • Subscribers=Population • Typical Data Rate • 2G GPRS 20~40kbps • 3G W-CDMA 150~300kbps • LTE 3GPP Release 8 U: 150Mbps D: 75Mbps • Limited Bandwidth • 2G: GSM200kHz • 3G: W-CDMA 5MHz • LTE: Up to 20MHz • MMW: Several GHz Attractive!

  10. Exploiting the Bandwidth of MMW • 3-300GHz • Lots of unleashing bandwidth • Some governed band by FCC (US Federal Communication Commission) • V Band: 59-64GHz (short distance point-to-point(multipoint) commun.) • W Band: 92-94GHz (unlicensed indoor application or licensed outdoor use) • E Band: 71-76 and 81-86GHz (can use for long distance wireless) • In all, more than 20GHz bandwidth are available.

  11. Outline • What’s MMW? • Benefits for MMW • Propagation Characteristic of MMW • Application: 60GHz MMW system • Millimeter Wave MIMO • MMW Application Now • Challenges

  12. Propagation Characteristic of MMW • Large Scale Loss • For isotropic antenna, by Friis Formula • Higher frequency, lower received power • For directional antenna, result inversed. [2] K. C. Huang, Z. C. Wang, Millimeter Wave Communication Systems, WILEY and IEEE Press, 2010.

  13. Propagation Characteristic of MMW • Absorption loss factors • Atmosphere oxygen, humidity, fog • Rain For 70-80GHz MMW, From [3] P. Adhikari, Understanding Millimeter Wave Wireless Communication, Loea Cooperation, 2008.

  14. Propagation Characteristic of MMW • H2O and O2 resonance • Small wave length • Blockage will kill, e.g., human, building, furniture • LOS dominates Especially suitable for indoor Giga bits communication!

  15. 60GHz MMW Communications • Abundance of available spectrum • Highly secure operation • Sharp beam, weak penetration • High level of frequency re-use enabled • Fiber optic data transmission speed Around 7GHz available

  16. Potential Application of 60GHz Communication [4] • Mobile Broadband • WiMax Based IEEE 802.16d (up to 66GHz) • Fixed Wireless Access • Gigabit data delivery along an LOS path (2.38km, 1.25 Gbps) • Wireless Personal Networks (WPAN) • IEEE 802.15.3c, 2Gbps mandatory and 3Gbps optional • support cable replacement of USB • Vehicular Application (for inter-vehicle commun.) • 60GHz Radar • Good at resolving small objects due to small wave length

  17. Outline • What’s MMW? • Benefits for MMW • Propagation Characteristic of MMW • Application: 60GHz MMW system • Millimeter Wave MIMO • MMW Application Now • Challenges

  18. Structure of a 60GHz System[5] a) Insertion Loss by Multiple Mixers. b) Increased phase noise. A problem for 60GHz. Quadrature Down Conversion Two-stage 60GHz Receiver c) 60GHz PA has a relatively low gain, e.g., 18dB. d) Phase array antenna technique Phase rotator to achieve beam steering. Obtain spatial combining.

  19. An Experimental 60GHz Wireless Communication System[6] Receiver Side Transmitter Side

  20. An Experimental 60GHz Wireless Communication System LOS Application

  21. Performance Physical Parameters Frequency Response of RF blocks (Tx-Rx=10m) Output eye diagram without error correcting coding

  22. Outline • What’s MMW? • Benefits for MMW • Propagation Characteristic of MMW • Application: 60GHz MMW system • Millimeter Wave MIMO • MMW Application Now • Challenges

  23. Diversity Techniques • LOS link will be easily block • Received signal sharply reduced • MMW MIMO? • Lower carrier frequency: rich multipath to enable spatial multiplexing • High carrier frequency: • Use sharp beam antenna instead of wide beam • Spatial Multiplexing is available even in LOS environment with moderate antenna separation

  24. An MMW MIMO Architecture Uniform Square Subarray [7] E. Torkildson, U. Madhow, M. Rodwell, Indoor Millimeter Wave MIMO: Feasibility and Performance, IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol 10, no. 12, pp. 4150-4160, Dec. 2011.

  25. Antenna Spacing • LOS MIMOChannel • Optimal Spaced Criteria • If it is forgone, loss degree of freedom • fc=60GHz, R=5m, LT=LR=39.1cm • Optimal N=8, what if N=32? • N approaches to infinite, Eigenvalues of H

  26. Performance Analysis • Upper Bound---Water-filling Benchmark • Tx: a pre-coder, Rx, a spatial equalizer (SVD decomposition based) • Transmit Beam steering/Receive MMSE • Tx: each sub-array beamsteer to one direction (LOS or first reflected link) • Rx: MMSE spatial interference suppression

  27. Performance Analysis • Beamsteering Weight • Pre-coding Matrix • MMSE equalizer • SINR at k-th output of the equalizer

  28. NLOS Channel Modeling • Previous slides • LOS, link range is a known priori. • NLOS, more practical for indoor communication. Based on Geometric Optics!

  29. Test Settings • Room Dimension: 5m × 5m × 3m • Spacing Between Subarrays: (LOS component are uncorrelated when Tx is located in the middle of the room) • Frequency: 60GHz • Bandwidth: 2.16GHz • Noise Power at Rx: Pn=kTBF, T=300K, F=10dB • Relative dielectric constant: • Conductivity of the wall and ceiling: • Antenna array model: 4 × 4 subarray (8dBm and 18dBm array gain compare to 3 × 3 and 2 × 2) • Implement Issues: Feed network losses, Mutual Coupling, Anisotropy of antenna elements…

  30. Test Results Capacity in the room (WF benchmark)LOS Capacity in the room (WF benchmark) NLOS Low SNR, dominate by small scale Fluctuation due to spatial correlation Path loss and Spatial Correlation

  31. Test Results LOS and NLOS converge in high PA in Beamsteering/MMSE Tx power per antenna 16 QAM

  32. Test Results Spectral Efficiency in the room (Beamsteering/MMSE)LOS Spectral Efficiency in the room (Beamsteering/MMSE)NLOS 86% of the space reach 8bps/Hz (constellation-constrained limit) Need Addition 15-20dBm to achieve 8bps/Hz.

  33. Millimeter Application Now • MMW Satellite Communication • MMW Radar • MMW in Medical Science • MMW Weapon

  34. Challenges • Circuit Design Issues • Amplifier Challenges • Transceiver Architecture • Bipolar or CMOS IC? • High gain directional Antenna • Modulation Scheme

  35. Reference [1] A. K. Sen, Sir J. C. Bose and Radio Science, IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, 1997. [2] K. C. Huang, Z. C. Wang, Millimeter Wave Communication Systems, WILEY and IEEE Press, 2010. [3] P. Adhikari, Understanding Millimeter Wave Wireless Communication, Loea Cooperation, 2008. [4] R. C. Daniels, R. W. Heath, Jr., 60GHz Wireless Communications: Emerging Requirements and Design Recommendations, IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, pp. 41-50, Sept. 2007. [5] N. Guo, R. C. Qiu, S. S. Mo, K. Takahashi, 60-GHz Millimeter-Wave Radio: Principle, Technology, and New Results, EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communication and Networking, pp. 1-9,volume 2007, 2007 [6] L. Rakotondrainibe and etc, Millimeter Wave System for High Data Rate Indoor Communications, IEEE ISSCS 2009, July 2009. [7] E. Torkildson, U. Madhow, M. Rodwell, Indoor Millimeter Wave MIMO: Feasibility and Performance, IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol 10, no. 12, pp. 4150-4160, Dec. 2011. [8] R. C. Daniels, J. N. Murdock, T. S. Rappaport, R. W. Heahth, Jr., 60GHz Wireless: Up Close and Personal, IEEE Microwave Magazine, pp. 544-550, Dec. 2010. [9] SuiyanGeng, Millimeter Wave and UWB Propagation for High Throughput Indoor Communications, PhD thesis, Aalto University, 2011.

  36. Thank you！ Q&A

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