SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCES AND URBAN REUSE TECHNOLOGY

1. SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCES AND URBAN REUSE TECHNOLOGY Lecture 10

2. DEFINITIONS • Wastewater • domestic wastewater =sewage =all wastewater • industrial wastewater = process wastewater • Greywater • domestic wastewater except toilet wastewater, or • domestic wastewater except toilet & kitchen wastewater • Reclaimed Water • derived from sewage • treated to a standard satisfactory for intended reuse • Biosolids • sludge • not “solid waste”

3. Water Issues • Water Use • Reduce, Reuse, Recycle • Rainwater Harvesting • Greywater systems • Blackwater systems • Reclaimed water • Wastewater • Reduce, Reuse, Recycle • Stormwater • Maintain natural hydrologic period of site • Use natural systems to buffer flows

4. Sustainable Global Resources “...The ability to provide for the needs of the present without detracting from the ability to serve the needs of the future...” Availability and Sustainability of Resources • Minimize Resource Degradation • Minimize Resource Depletion • Maximize Resource Efficiency

5. WATER SERVICE AREA MAP

6. Existing Conditions • Private Wells and Septic Systems • 9,251 Private Wells (Over 98% Used for Irrigation) • Minimal number of private septic systems • Relatively Low Per Capita Demand • District Goal of < 150 GPCD • Current City Average of 124.4 GPCD (80 GPCD Household) • Consumptive Use Permit Modification

7. Existing Conditions Designation as Priority Water Resource Caution Area • Groundwater not sufficient to meet future water demands • Alternative water supplies will be needed to meet future water demands

8. Planning Assumptions • Unknowns • Amount of future groundwater allocation • Financially and technically feasible alternative water supply source • Assumptions • Fresh groundwater allocations limited • Brackish groundwater allocations allowed • Flagler County Cooperators will identify financially and technically feasible alternative water supply sources

9. Future Conditions-Palm Coast 212,295 137,963 Alternatives Brackish Groundwater

10. RECLAIMED WATER SITES MGD

11. Alternative Water Supplies • Brackish Groundwater • Water Treatment Plant #3 Capability • Part of District Permit Modification • Flagler County Cooperators Group • Develop countywide water supply plan • Identify feasible alternative water supply source • Surface Water Options • Saltwater / Desalination

12. Conservation/Reuse Practices • Continue water conservation program • Water treatment technologies • Water use monitoring • Indoor conservation programs • Water efficient landscape ordinance • Irrigation design requirements • Customer and employee education • Required to install reclaimed water distribution system • Required to connect to reclaimed system

13. Sustainable Water Resources “...As the common denominator in virtually every ecosystem, water resources serve as the cornerstone of human society and sustainment...” Problem: • Regional water demands exceeding hydrologic regeneration Cause: • Regional population growth and over development • Climatic and hydro-geologic forces Effect: • Increasing water resource overdraft and withdrawal • Increasing waste discharge and resource contamination

14. Population Increase vs. Water Demand “...Use of potable water in Florida increased a factor of 6 in the last 90 years with 25% of the increase occurring in the last 25 years...” • Figure 1 Current and projected water demand vs. population growth in Florida

15. Urban Water Recycling and Reuse “...In select commercial applications 75% or more of all potable water used serves toiletry fixtures alone...” (Commercial) (Residential) • Figure 2 Wastewater flow in typical commercial and residential structures

16. On-site Greywater Recycling and Reuse “...Type A dual distribution and greywater recycling will achieve maximum benefit in residential structures where the greywater reused is roughly equivalent to the non-potable demand...” • Figure 3 Type A greywater riser diagram

17. On-site Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse “...In commercial structures, the recovery of all wastewater for treatment and reuse is required using Type B dual distribution...” • Figure 4 Type B wastewater reclamation riser diagram

18. Reuse Systems Flow Analysis • Table 1 Conventional vs. reuse systems flow and waste discharge analysis

19. Reuse Systems Economic Analysis • Table 2 Conventional vs. reuse systems economic analysis

20. Water Reuse Alternatives “...34% to 90% of all potable water used in most residential and commercial structures is used by non-potable fixtures...” • Toilet and urinal flushing • Irrigation • Mechanical make-up and trap priming • Washdown • Fire suppression • Ornamental and aesthetic impoundments • Environmental impoundments and wetlands restoration • Indirect groundwater and aquifer recharge

21. Water Reuse Mechanics “...The overall concern for the distribution of non-potable resources is predicated on the economics and reliability of protecting the user from accidental access, contact, or ingestion...” • Maximum obtainable separation distances • Pressure differentials • Air-gap separations and cross-connections • Back-flow prevention devices • Color coding and material differentiation • Identifications and warning signatures • Aesthetic reuse water dyes

22. Cross-connection and Back-flow Prevention • Figure 6 Minimum separation distances and back-flow check valve assembly

23. Reuse Identification Signatures • Figure 7 Sample reclaimed water use identification signature

24. Purple pipes

25. Reuse Water Quality Objectives and Standards • Table 3 Recommended water quality objectives for non-potable reuse

26. Greywater Characterization and Treatment • Figure 8 Water quality characteristics and passive treatment alternatives for domestic greywater

27. Urban Water Conservation “...Efficiency of water use has not been the hallmark of fixture design, as the water to waste ratio in a conventional water closet is nearly 80:1...” • Water consumption in typical residential environments can be reduced between 19% - 44% using low-flow fixtures • Low volume toilets reduce water use 50% or more per flush • Aerated shower and lavatory fixtures reduce flow rates from 4.5gpm to 1.5gpm or less • Passive irrigation techniques and Xeriscapingtm reduce water use a further 15%-40% • Pressure reducing valves (PRV) reduce water pressures from 80psi to 35-40psi

28. Waterless Urinals The Waterless Company

29. Composting Toilets Phoenix, Inc.

30. Flow Bypass

31. Rainwater Harvesting System for House in Oregon

32. http://www.eng.warwick.ac.uk/DTU/rainwaterharvesting/

34. Recommendations “...Complete wastewater reclamation and reuse has demonstrated the greatest potential toward maintaining sustainable water resources...” • Central utility cores • Large point loads and densities of occupants • Primarily occupied by adults • Controlled access to reuse fixtures and distribution systems • Designated and trained maintenance personnel

35. Conclusion • Water resource depletion is directly proportional to population growth and resultant water demand • Water resource contamination is directly proportional to water resource overdraft and resultant wastewater discharge • Hydro-geologic and climatic detriment such as saltwater intrusion and drought place further burden on an already stressed ecosystem • Water reuse, recycling, and conservation will reduce water demands 40%-90% in urban environments, reduce wastewater discharge accordingly, reduce saltwater intrusion, and reduce the impact of regional drought.

36. Water Conservation Case Studies

37. In Our Backyard…. • City of Atlanta • City of Savannah

38. Atlanta Water Department • Low Income “Care and Conserve” Program • Plumbing repairs to reduce water waste • Fixture replacement (w/ ultra low-flow fixtures) • Direct payment assistance when funds are available • Information and instruction on water conservation

39. Atlanta Water Department • Xeriscape “Water Wise Landscaping” Program Site audits • Evaluate the current landscape for water use needs/patterns. • Deliver water conservation literature & water saving devices for indoor and outdoor use. • Provide one-on-one instruction in the basic principles of Xeriscaping

40. Savannah’s Savings Strategies • Conduct unaccounted for water audits • Leak repair programs and meter calibrations • Fire protection and looping improvements • Alternate water sources for irrigation – 5 MGD of reclaimed water • Water conservation program • Conversion of light industrial & commercial groundwater use to surface water

41. Savannah’s Water Conservation Program • Public outreach and education • Mascot, “Less Waters” • Indoor/Outdoor Water Conservation kits • Water Wisdom video • Water Sourcebooks to schools • Plumbing retrofit program for residential homes has saved approximately 1.113 MG/year. • Plumbing retrofit for public housing complexes has saved approximately 3 MG/year.

42. Savannah’s Bottom Line • Customer base in last 17 years increased by 17% • Total water production from all city wells has remained constant over the last 17 years • Total water leaks reduced by 65% from 3,242 leaks in 1981 to 1,131 leaks in 2000 • Looping lines requires less system flushing • In 1999, 21.8 MG was needed to maintain water quality in 800 miles of distribution system • In 2000, only 15.0 MG was needed

43. Dwelling Units vs. Pumpage

44. Beyond the Backyard Examples • Irvine Ranch Water District • City of Albuquerque • City of Cary • Arizona’s Public Awareness Campaign

45. Irvine Ranch Water District • Connections: 85,000 and Population: 266,000 • Conservation Budget: $700,000 – $2 million (funded through the excessive use penalties) • Conservation Rate Structure • Based on water budgets for all customers • Penalties for excessive use • Landscape water use has decreased approx. 50% (over 650,000 gallons per year)

46. Irvine Ranch Water District • Other Conservation Programs • Rebates/low interest loans for irrigation system and landscape upgrades • Monthly performance reports for 4,000 dedicated landscape meters • Monthly notification letters to the highest water wasters • Monthly conservation tips and suggested irrigation schedules provided as bill inserts • 80% of landscape accounts are reclaimed water

47. Irvine Ranch Water District • More Conservation Programs • Water Conservation Demonstration Garden • School education program • Residential garden workshops • Participation in the Orange County Landscape Performance Certification Program • Participate in regional ULFT programs, CII rebate and Landscape Education programs

48. Irvine Ranch Water District • Conservation Studies • X-Ray Film Processor Study – Initial savings are 98% • Supermarket Cooling Systems Study • Residential Run-off Reduction Study – Testing a real-time water based irrigation controller. Initial data showing a 70% reduction in runoff. • Pressure Optimization Study – Testing pressure levels for reducing “misting” and breaks in irrigation systems • National Sub-metering Study • Strawberry Reclaimed Water Study – Initial savings are nearly 1 MGY

49. City of Albuquerque • Population Served: 483,000 • Conservation Goals • 30% reduction over 10 years ( 1995 -2005) Reduction in total production from 250 gpcd to 175 gpcd • Achieved 23% savings by 2001 • Gpcd = 205 in 2001, down from 216 in 2000 Residential only per capita for 2001 = 144 gpcd, down 27% from the baseline of 198 gpcd

50. City of Albuquerque • Conservation Programs • 2000 letters to customers with more than 10% increase in usage since 1994 • Commercial water audit program • Free residential surveys to SF & MF customers • Toilet rebate program – 43,000 replacements to date • Xeriscaping – 286 customers rebated for 383,180 square feet of xeriscape conversions • Water-waste inspectors – visited 3000+ sites and issued more than 400 water-waste violations