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Chapter 3 Notes. Globalization and the Affects of Globalization.
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Chapter 3 Notes Globalization and the Affects of Globalization
The homogenizing influences of globalization that are most often condemned by the new nationalists and by cultural romanticists are actually positive; globalization promotes integration and the removal not only of cultural barriers but of many of the negative dimensions of culture. Globalization is a vital step toward both a more stable world and better lives for the people in it." • -- David Rothkopf, "In Praise of Cultural Imperialism," Foreign Policy June 22, 1997
"Many societies, particularly indigenous peoples, view culture as their richest heritage, without which they have no roots, history or soul. Its value is other than monetary. To commodity it is to destroy it." • -- Maude Barlow, "The Global Monoculture," Earth Island Journal. Autumn 2001
Globalization vs... Local Cultures • The expansion of trade in cultural products is increasing the exposure of all societies to foreign cultures. • And the exposure to foreign cultural goods frequently brings about changes in local cultures, values, and traditions. • Although there is no consensus on the consequences of globalization on national cultures, many people believe that a people's exposure to foreign culture can undermine their own cultural identity.
The Influence of U.S. Corporations on Local Mores • One of the principal concerns about the new globalization of culture that is supposedly taking place is that it not only leads to a homogenization of world culture, but also that it largely represents the "Americanization" of world cultures.
The spread of American corporations abroad has various consequences on local cultures, some very visible, and others less obvious. For example, the influence of American companies on other countries' cultural identity can be seen with regard to food, which matters on two levels. • First, food itself is in many countries an integral aspect of the culture. Second, food restaurants can influence the mores and habits in societies where they operate.
Food restaurants not only affect eating habits, but they also influence the traditions and mores in countries where they are located. • Starbucks causes cultural concerns in Italy because of the association that Italians make between coffee and leisurely sidewalk cafes. Coffee in Italy is more than a drink; it is part of the way of life and Italian mores. • While in the United States it is common for people to buy takeaway coffee for drinking in the street or office, in Italy people usually prefer to relax and chat with peers while drinking coffee. Coffee shops offer a personal, friendly atmosphere that many Italians believe a large chain could not provide. • Similarly, many people would prefer to frequent coffee shops that are each unique, while Starbucks offers a standard formula.
Introduction of the McDonald's restaurant in China. In the past, it was not considered proper for Chinese children to buy food with their own money, as they were expected to eat what was put in front of them. • Because of McDonald's marketing to children, however, kids developed an interest in choosing their own food when going to McDonald's. After some time, it became more of a common practice for children to buy their food with their own money.
McDonald's also popularized birthday parties in China. In the past, festivities marking a child's birth date were not celebrated in China. McDonald's established a new tradition by successfully promoting American-style birthday parties as part of its marketing strategy. • This example may appear trivial, but it shows that the spread of American companies in foreign countries can have unexpected consequences.
George Ritzer coined the term McDonaldization. • In his book The McDonaldization of Society, Ritzer states that “the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as of the rest of the world.” • Statistics show that within the last fifty years, McDonalds has expanded to over 31,000 restaurants worldwide.
McDonaldization, Ritzer argues, is a result of globalization and, ultimately, leads to global uniformity, influencing local habits and traditions. • Take, for example, the previously mentioned example of Starbucks coffee disrupting the traditional coffee culture in Italy. • This sometimes leads to negative reactions, such as in the case of the Starbucks coffeehouse in the Forbidden City in central Beijing. This particular Starbucks branch, which opened in 2000, was shut down in 2007 due to heavy protests. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJgGqeXHh6E
Throughout history, cultures have changed and evolved. Globalization may accelerate cultural change. However, because change is driven by the choice of consumers, the elements of a particular culture will inevitably reflect consumer choice.
The Dominance of the American Market • 1# The size of the U.S. market. With nearly 300 million consumers, the United States is one of the largest markets in the world. When a company has access to the U.S. market and these 300 million people, it can take advantage of economies of scale. • 2# The wealth of the U.S. economy. Although the United States contains only four percent of the world's population, it accounts for nearly 25 percent of global economic output. The combined effects of being one of the richest countries in the world and one of the largest in terms of population put the U.S. market in a dominant position. Only the European Union now exceeds the U.S. market in size and wealth.
A comparatively homogenous culture. When measured in terms of the numbers of languages and ethnicities present, the United States ranks as one of the most diverse countries in the world. • However, when measured by the size of minority ethnic, linguistic, or cultural groups, it can be considered relatively homogenous.
Consider that 97 percent of the U.S. population is considered fluent in the English language, and that the U.S. Census Bureau classifies 71 percent of the population within one major ethnic group (Caucasian, non-Hispanic). • This contrasts dramatically with countries such as Nigeria or India, where no language is spoken as a mother tongue by any segment that accounts for more than 30 percent of the population. • The ability to speak English grants one access to almost the entire U.S. population, as well as hundreds of millions of other people around the world.
The Integration of Cultures • Hybridization: The combining of elements of two or more different things to create something new.
Reaffirmation of Local Culture • In contrast to these homogenizing effects, some people would argue that globalization can also reinforce local cultures. • In India, for example, satellite TV permits an increase in the number of regional channels, many of which can and do telecast Indian content. • This gives an Indian individual new opportunities to identify with his regional ties. • Similarly global companies have to take into account the culture of all the countries where they conduct operations or sell products. This can also enhance cultural awareness. (CRTC)
Many observers have speculated that the homogenizing effect of globalization on national cultures in fact tends to produce a reaction among people which leads them to want to reaffirm their own local traditions. • Sometimes violent reactions against the West by elements within Islamic society may be seen in this light. Barber argues that these movements may be seen as negative manifestations of a broader desire to reaffirm their traditional cultural values, against the disruptive onslaught of Western beliefs
A Clash of Civilizations • "...The fundamental source of conflict in this new world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic. The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. Nation states will remain the most powerful actors in world affairs, but the principal conflicts of global politics will occur between nations and groups of different civilizations. The clash of civilizations will dominate global politics." (Foreign Affairs, 1993)
Acculturation: • The cultural changes that occur when two cultures accommodate, or adapt to, each others world views • Cultural revitalization: • The process of affirming and promoting people’s individual and collective cultural identity.
