Support and Movement

Support and Movement Biology

14.2 Support in mammals SUPPORT SYSTEM in mammals muscular system skeleton

Contents Why do organisms need a skeleton? How are plants supported? What are skeletal tissues? Multiple choices Two parts of skeleton Joints and degree of movement What is skeletal muscles? How is movement achieved?

Do you know what is the deficiency disease of calcium? Contents Why do organisms need a skeleton? • Mammals have endoskeletons • for producing blood cells • for support

Lungs Heart Contents Why do organisms need a skeleton? • for movement • for protection

Ca2+ Ca2+ Why? acid If the bone is immersed in an acidic solution for about 2 days, what will happen? Contents Why do organisms need a skeleton? • for storage of minerals

Contents Summary • The mammalian skeleton is important in support, for attachment of muscles and functioning as a lever for movement, in protecting internal organs, in producing blood cells and in storage of calcium.

? Transverse section of a compact bones Structure of cartilage Which one contains more mineral salts? Contents What are skeletal tissues? • The skeletons are made up of bones and cartilages.

cartilage bones • hard • made up mainly of minerals e.g. calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate The skeleton Skeleton consists of : • found between bones • softer • reduces friction during movement

What is the use of the bone marrows? Cartilage Spongy bone containing red bone marrow. Compact bone Cavity containing yellowbone marrow Contents What are skeletal tissues?

If my bones are burnt, it will become brittle. Contents What are skeletal tissues?

Contents Two parts of skeleton Axialskeleton Appendicular skeleton

Two parts of skeleton Appendicular skeleton • Pectoral girdles • Pectoral limbs • Pelvic girdles • Pelvic limbs Axial skeleton • Skull • Sternum • Ribs • Vertebral column Contents

Correct Posture to Prevent Injury • Plant your feet firmly - get a stable base. • Bend at your knees - not your waist. • Tighten your abdominal muscles to support your spine. • Get a good grip - use both hands. • Keep the load close to your body. • Use your leg muscles as you lift. • Keep your back upright, keep it in its natural posture. • Lift steadily and smoothly without jerking. • Breathe - If you must hold your breath to lift it, it is too heavy.

DO NOT... • Lift from the floor. • Twist and lift. • Lift with one hand (unbalanced) • Lift loads across obstacles. • Lift while reaching or stretching. • Lift from an uncomfortable posture. • Don't fight to recover a dropped object. • Don't hold your breath while lifting - GET HELP.

Muscles are attached to bones through tendons The muscular system muscular system • many different sets of muscles tendons • tough sheets of inelastic fibres • allow muscles to control the way bones move • the two ends of each muscle are attached to the limb bones through tendons

Contents Joints and degree ofmovement • Synovial Joint • 1. Hinge joints Hinge joints allow movement in one plane.

Contents Joints and degree ofmovement 2. Ball-and-socket joints How many planes of movement do ball-an-socket joints allow?

pelvic girdle synovial joint ligaments synovial membrane cartilage femur Contents Joints and degree of movement • 2. Ligaments are tough and they prevent dislocation of a joint during movement.

Muscles contract powerfully—ie. They work by PULLING. Do you think muscles can stretch themselves—and thus work by PUSHING? Carbon dioxide + Water + Contents What are skeletal muscles? • Muscle attached to the skeleton. Muscle cells with lots of proteins fibres • Muscles work together with bones to give support and movement to mammals. In aerobic respiration: Food + Oxygen ENERGY In anaerobic respiration: ?

Support in mammals SUPPORT SYSTEM in mammals muscular system skeleton

The muscular system Muscles as part of the support system If the forces of the muscles acting on both sides of two adjacent bones are balanced A skeleton falls down if let loose because nothing joins the bones together bones will be kept in the same position

Skeleton without muscles……….. give no support !!

muscle What substance makes up a tendon? tendons What is the feature of a tendon? Contents How is movementachieved? • 1. Tendons are tough and they connect muscles to bones.

Contents How is movementachieved? • 2. Biceps and triceps are antagonistic muscles involved in the movement of the forearm. They work in pairs and in opposing directions.

triceps relaxes triceps contracts Which one is biceps contracts biceps contracts flexor? Contents How is movementachieved? • 3. Contraction of biceps (flexor) bends the forearm while contraction of triceps (extensor) straightens the forearm.

A B C D Contents How is movementachieved? Flexor ? Extensor

E contraction of biceps (effort) L F elbow joint (fulcrum) hand (load) Contents How is movementachieved? • 4. Bone act as levers during movement. Movable joints act as the fulcrum. Concentration of muscles creates the effort.

Contents How are plants supported? • 1. Support in young plants or non-woody parts of plants is contributed mainly by turgidity of the thin-walled cells in the cortex and pith. Turgidity?

14.3 Support in plants in plants Hardness of thick- walled cells in woody plants Turgidity of cells For non-woody plants

water potential of xylem water potential of living cells > Turgidity of cells Inside stem of herbaceous plants-(non-woody) If adequate water supply, Cells become turgid water move from xylem to living cells in stems Turgid cells press against each other to give support to the plant

water potential of xylem water potential of living cells < Turgidity of cells Inside stem of herbaceous plants If inadequate water supply, Cells become flaccid Flaccid cells cannot provide support to the plant The plant wilts

The hardness of thick-walled cells Plants are also supported by thick-walled cells mostly xylemcells which contain lignin As plant grows, older xylem tissues in stems are pushed inwards and become wood.

Water absorbed by osmosis Water lost by osmosis turgid flaccid In this case, transpiration is faster than absorption of water. Wilting occurs Contents How are plants supported?

Contents How are plants supported? • 2. Support in woody stems is contributed mainly by rigidity of the lignified cells in xylem.

Contents Multiple choices 1. Which muscles contract to effect a change form the condition shown in Diagram I to that in Diagram II? P, Q and R P, Q and S P, R and T Q, S and T

Contents Multiple choices 2. Which of the following functions are carried out by bone W? (1) Producing red blood cells (2) helping in ventilation of the lung (3) protecting internal organs (1) and (2) only (1) and (3) only (2) and (3) only (1), (2) and (3)

Contents Multiple choices 3. Which of the joints X, Y and Z allow(s) movement between the bones? Y only Z only X and Y only Y and Z only

Contents Multiple choices 4. Which of the following correctly describes the functions of structures A and B? Structure A Structure B holding the bones transmitting force together to the bone acting as a pivot protecting the joint protecting the joint preventing dislocation of the joint transmitting force acting as a pivot to the bone

Contents Multiple choices 5. The diagram below shows a man at a certain stage of swimming: Which of the following combinations correctly describes the conditions of his arm muscles at this stage? Left arm Right arm Biceps Triceps Biceps Triceps contracted relaxed relaxed contracted relaxed contracted contracted relaxed contracted relaxed contracted relaxed relaxed contracted relaxed contracted

Contents Multiple choices 6. The diagram below shows a human arm holding a weight: The length of EF is shorter than the length of WF. What is the advantage of this arrangement? The biceps would not become fatigue easily. This would make the biceps stronger than the triceps. Less energy would be used by the biceps in supporting the weight. A small contraction of the biceps would move the weight through a large distance.

3 Contents Multiple choices 7. Which structures are parts of the axial skeleton? 1, 2 and 3 1, 2 and 4 1, 3 and 4 2, 3 and 4

3 Contents Multiple choices 8. Which of the following correctly lists the structures protected by the different parts of the skeleton? 1 2 3 brain aorta stomach ears aorta heart brain spinal cord heart ears spinal cord stomach

Contents Multiple choices 9. The diagram below shows a model of a movable joint: Which of the following combinations is correct? Type of joint represented by the model Example hinge joint knee joint hinge joint shoulder joint ball and socket joint shoulder joint ball and socket joint Knee joint

Contents Multiple choices 10. The diagrams below show three sets of bones of the human skeleton: 1 Ball and socket joint can be formed between 1 and 3. 1 and 4. 2 and 3. 2 and 4.

Contents Multiple choices The model below illustrate the movement at the elbow joint: 11. Which of the following occurs when Q is shortened? P S shortened raised shortened lowered stretched raised stretched lowered

Contents Multiple choices The model below illustrate the movement at the elbow joint: 12. The model is useful for demonstrating the movement of the upper arm. that the joint allows 360º movement. that the biceps is stronger than the triceps. the actions of a pair of antagonistic muscles.

Contents Multiple choices Diagram I shows some muscles attached to the leg bones. Diagram II shows the posture of a person sitting on a stool. 13. Which muscles in the person’s leg are contracted when he maintains the posture shown in the diagram II? 1 muscles 1 and 2 only muscles 1 and 3 only muscles 2 and 4 only muscles 3 and 4 only 2

Contents Multiple choices 14. Which of the following are involved in maintaining our postures? (1) skeletal muscles (2) bones (3) ligaments (4) nervous system (1) and (2) only (3) and (4) only (1), (2) and (3) only (1), (2), (3) and (4)

Contents Multiple choices 14. Which of the following is not a function of the mammalian skeleton? storage of fat storage of calcium destruction of red blood cells production of white blood cells

Support and Movement