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Shanghai, 1909

Drug Trafficking and Abuse - Impediments to development - Akira Fujino United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Shanghai, 1909. Early days 1920s-30s. Century of Drug Control. BACKGROUND 19th century: Opium epidemic in Asia, notably China;

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Shanghai, 1909

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  1. Drug Trafficking and Abuse- Impediments to development -Akira FujinoUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)

  2. Shanghai, 1909

  3. Early days1920s-30s

  4. Century of Drug Control BACKGROUND 19th century: Opium epidemic in Asia, notably China; morphine abuse problem in USA; emergence of heroin 1880-1906: Massive increases in coca leaf exports from the Andean region (later from Java); emerging cocaine epidemic in the USA RESPONSE 1909: Shanghai Conference– International Opium Commission 1912: The Hague:First International Opium Convention 1920-1945: International Drug Control under auspices of League of Nations 3 drug conventions (1925, 1931, 1936) 1946 + International Drug Control under auspices of United Nations 1948: Protocol (synthetic opioids) 1953: Opium Protocol 1961: Single Convention (amended by Protocol in 1972) 1971: Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1988:UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 1998: UNGASS: Political Declaration and Guiding Principles on Demand Reduction

  5. Related UN Agencies Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (CCPCJ) Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)

  6. Opiates Opium Morphine Heroin

  7. CANNABIS Cannabis

  8. Coca/Cocaine

  9. Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (ATS) • Methamphetamine • Amphetamine • Ecstacy

  10. Precursor chemicals

  11. Opiates

  12. Golden Triangle

  13. Myanmar – Thailand border

  14. Global opium production, 1990-2010

  15. Global heroin flows of Asian origins

  16. Heroin trafficking from Afghanistan

  17. Balkan Route and Northern Route Source: UNODC, 2010 World Drug Report, June 2010.

  18. Cocaine

  19. Coca in the Andean region Coca cultivation, 2008 (167,600 ha) 81,000 ha -18% Potential cocaine production, 2008 (845 tons) 56,100 ha +4% 30,500 ha +6%

  20. Major trans-regional cocaine flows, 1998 and 2008 Source: UNODC, 2010 World Drug Report, June 2010.

  21. Amphetamine-type Stimulants (ATS)

  22. Locations of amphetamines manufacture and main trafficking routes Sources: UNODC, Annual Reports Questionnaire Data, UNODC, Individual Drug Seizure Database, other government sources.

  23. Major methamphetamine trafficking routes out of Myanmar

  24. Illicit methamphetamine laboratory Fiji 2004

  25. Illicit methamphetamine laboratory Indonesia - 2005 Factory Chemical Storage Area Undercover Agents live here for 6 months Main Road Gates Chimneys Factory Office Barracks Prayer and Break Area N Break Area

  26. New Trends in West Africa: Methamphetamine

  27. Precursor chemicals

  28. Preventing diversion of precursor chemicals into illicit drug manufacture

  29. RUSSIAN FEDERATION CANADA UNITED KINGDOM GERMANY UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NETHERLANDS YUGOSLAVIA ALBANIA CHIINA MEXICO HONG KONG SAR OF China GUATEMALA MYANMAR INDIA INDONESIA AUSTRALIA Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine P - 2 - P and 3,4 - MDP - 2 - P Early cases of precursors used in illicit manufacture of amphetamine-type stimulants

  30. Acetic Anhydride: Diversity of trade flow

  31. Seizures of precursor chemicals Acetic anhydride

  32. Way forward

  33. Cultivation and Insurgency Cultivation of opium poppy Insurgency in the South of the country Major activities of the Taliban 2008

  34. Sustainable Alternative Development

  35. Problem drug use reflected in treatment demand by region: late1990s and 2008

  36. For more information, please visit www.unodc.org

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