Evaluation of Konya Urban Macroform as part of Water Sensitive Urban Design

1. Evaluation of Konya Urban Macroform as part of Water Sensitive Urban Design Fadim YAVUZ ÖZDEMİRand Ayla AYAZ BOZDAĞ Selcuk University, Konya, TURKEY fyavuz@selcuk.edu.tr, aayaz@selcuk.edu.tr

2. Aim of the study: • Konya Closed Basin (KCB) is extremely important for Turkey and the world in terms of wetlands, large salty steps and plant & animal diversity. • Despite having limited water resources KCB is one of the Turkey basins intensive water usage exists in. • Accordingly KCB has a serious water shortage. This problem is also a result of wrong land use decisions and policies. • In this study Konya metropolitan city is assessed within the framework of ‘Water Sensitive Urban Design’.

3. 1. Conceptual Framework • 1.1. Land Use Planning and Water Relationship • 1.2. Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) • 2. Case study: Konya Closed Basin and Konya city centre • 2.1. Location and environmental Importance • 2.2. Population and water consumption relationship • 2.3. Evaluation of Konya urban macroform development • 2.4. Evaluation of Konya as part of WSUD • 3. Conclusions

4. 1. Conceptual Framework Land Use Planning and Water Relationship • Land use decisions are also water consumption decisions. • Planning activity at each level (region/watershed/urban) directs spatial development with land choice decisions equally determines urban water demand with density (population and/or building) decisions. • Urbanization pattern is an important input and has a significant place in developing water policy.

5. Water Sensitive Urban Design Urban water supplies are under increasing pressure to meet the demands of growing populations in the face of extended drought and a changing climate. To ensure water supply into the future, cities must become ‘water sensitive’ by minimizing waste, recycling and looking after the environment. The basis for creating water sensitive cities is integrated water cycle management and water sensitive urban design.

6. Water Sensitive Urban Design • Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) is a broad concept that considers all impacts of urban design on water sources. • This approach integrates water supply, wastewater and storm water management, but also land use planning and management to optimize water conservation .

7. 2-Case study: Konya Closed Basin and Konya city centre One of the 200 important regions identified with its rich biodiversity by World Wide Fund (WWF) Consists 15 Important Bird Areas, which provide breeding ground for eight of twelve bird species endangered all over the world Consists 6 Important Plant Areas which cover hundreds of thousands of hectares. One of the important production regions (cereals, legumes and sugar beet, salt) of Turkey Figure 1. Geographical Position of the Study Area

8. Population and water consumption relationship Population Growth (1980-2009)

9. Population and water consumption relationship Population Growth (1980-2009) In last two decades, rural populations’ trend is to decrease while urban population continuously increases. Population size living in Konya Metropolitan Municipality borders is 1.003.373 in 2009. Majority of the population live in Konya city centre.

10. Sector-specific Water Consumption (%) in Konya City Center (2000-2009) In line with increase in population, water consumption increased as well in city. Residences are the primary consumption sector in terms of total water consumption in Konya city center.

11. Sector-specific Water Consumption (%) in Konya City Center (2000-2009) In addition while Parks&Gardens and Commercial Houses are at the 2nd and 3rd row, the water consumption rates of the other sectors are close to each other. In this period, while water consumptions of these sectors increased, their shares in total distribution almost remained the same

12. Water prices is one of the factors that affect water consumption. Water prices increased constantly in both residences and commercial houses in Konya in the last decade. For example, 69.3 % increase in commercial house’s unit water prices in the year 2005 led to an 8.2 % decrease in water consumption, which generally follows a linear course. Prices Water Prices Exchange at Residence and Commercial House Usages (2000-2009) Water Consumption Exchange at Residence and Commercial House Usages (2000-2009)

13. Water prices is one of the factors that affect water consumption. Prices When the lowest price increase (7.8 %) was realized in 2003, water consumption increased by 38.2 %. Water Prices Exchange at Residence and Commercial House Usages (2000-2009) Water Consumption Exchange at Residence and Commercial House Usages (2000-2009)

14. Water prices is one of the factors that affect water consumption. While water price and water consumption relation in residences was not as clear as it was in commercial houses, decrease in consumption due to annual increases in prices is attention-grabbing. Water Prices Exchange at Residence and Commercial House Usages (2000-2009) Water Consumption Exchange at Residence and Commercial House Usages (2000-2009)

15. Evaluation of Konya urban macroformdevelopment Konya city form which had a compact structure In 1950’s was transformed into dense and linear form with 1966 Plan, and with 1983 and 1999 Zoning Plans it turned into a star city form.

16. Exchange of Urban Settlement Size, Density and Function Areas in Konya’s Planning Period (Yenice, 2005) With changing production system and technologies, the rate of industrial and commercial areas in urban area has gradually increased. After 1980’s, the rate of residence areas tended to decrease. Settlement density decreased dependent on urban sprawl.

17. Evaluation of Konya as part of WSUD • Konya Closed Basin (KCB), which makes up 7% of Turkey’s area, is a region where the demand for water is high and water is the scarcest. • 70 % of water reserve in the basin is used for agricultural purposes. • KCB meets Turkey’s great part of cereal and sugar beet production and houses Konya which is an important industrial city.

18. Encountered problems of the basini. Climate change: The basin’s water reserves are rapidly decreasing related with global warming and scarcity of rains in recent years. Average rainfall measured in Konya in years 1999-2009 was 295.38 mm. In the period observed, Konya is in “dry period” except for the year 2003. Average Rain and Eclenic Deviation Graph

19. According to Thorntwaite (1948) method average evaporation amount of Konya was calculated as 281 mm in the period of 1999-2000. This amount equals to 95 % of rainfall. • In this case, while a great amount of rainfall is evaporating, another 5% is being lost during drainage. • Thewater sources in Konya province and around are being rapidly used up year by year due to the low rainfall and high evaporation rate. • Current aridness in Konya basin led to hydrological aridness as well due to agricultural water consumption pressure.

20. ii. Population growth: • The city’s population has increased at 50.6 % level in last two decades. In addition, water demand has increased both in residences and industrial areas. iii. Agriculturalactivities: • All over the basin, there is a great water demand for agricultural irrigation. • One of the prominent characteristics of Konya Plain is that only 1.815.000 hectare of every 1.704.000 hectares of land (94 %) can be irrigated. Currently 370 thousands hectares of land is being irrigated in Konya Plain.

21. The main reasons for excessive water consumption; • farmers prefer plants with high water consumption; • lands are increasingly being used for plants with high irrigation need • low level of water consumption consciousness

22. iv. Uncontrolled water usage: • Totally 93.948 wells were found in the countryside of KCB. 27.140 of them have authorization, 66.808 of them (71 %) have no authorization (DSI, 2007). The current water problem in the basin is deteriorating because of unauthorized water wells. • Besides wells opened for irrigation, the unauthorized drilling wells in the city center also endanger ground endurance and people’s health. Use of water from unauthorized wells under the buildings in Konya city center built on alluvium gradually decreases ground endurance. This can in turn lead to collapse of buildings. Furthermore uuncontrolled use of water from wells opened in the city center for drinking water endangers human health.

23. v. Over water consumption in urban green fields: • Most of the water for irrigating green spaces in Konya Metropolitan Municipality borders is taken from city drinking-usage water and industry water network. • In recent years, increasing need for irrigation in parallel with the increase in green spaces increased groundwater consumption. • Besides choosing wrong plant types, there are also deficiencies in irrigation techniques. Irrigations are not beingdone in correct times and water is being over used.

24. vi. Water pollution: • Domestic and industrial wastewater of Konya are collected by combining sewerage system and discharged to main drainage channel discharges domestic and industrial waste water directly to the Salt Lake.

25. While urban population is dense in Konya city center and in the north, it is sparse in the southern part of the city. While low density seems to be more environment-friendly, it indirectly affects the environment negatively as it increases water consumption, water repelling and rapid loss of agricultural lands as it encourages urbanization and urban infrastructure. vii. Urban macroform:

26. Because of the reasons listed above, water consumption is high in the residence areas around the southern sides of the city where there are country-city type houses with vines and gardens and in Meram prestigious residence areas in southeast part of the city. Increasing amount of industrial and commercial spaces in the urban macroforminfluences groundwater pollution and decreases in water levels badlyin the basin. vii. Urban macroform:

27. Conclusions: Urbanization and population growth present a challenge to urban water resources planning in KCB. Urban water supplies are under increasing pressure to meet the demands of growing populations in the face of extended drought and a changing climate.Integrated water cycle management and water sensitive urban design is crucial in the basin. Analyses indicate that urban and land water usage in the basin is far away from being water sensitive. Improvement of water consumption efficiency at all sectors in the basin and in Konya city center can only be possible with technological improvements and changes in institutional attitudes. Planning authorities should integrate urban development with water sensitive design. First of all urban sprawl should be controlled. Planners should beware of proposing low density residential developments and realize that compact urban macroform means more respectful to the natural reserves and it should be preferred in the basin to use water efficiently.

28. Strategies for using water much more efficiently in KCB • Crop growth requires enormous amounts of water so conservation in agriculture is essential to provide water resources’ sustainability. To achieve efficient water use in agriculture, farmers awareness about environment friendly irrigation techniques and choosing products enduring aridness are to be heightened. • Also numbers of drilling wells and their water usage amount should be controlled efficiently • Water-saving technologies are crucial in industry to save more water • Prompting water economizing. • Alternative solutions related to technology: Using reclaimed sewage water, benefit from storm water etc.

29. To incorporate “industrial ecology”concepts into urban designs(as re-use treated effluent and minimize wastewater generation etc.) • Economizing measures inside home • Drought resistant planting at municipal parks and gardens, using drip irrigation and irrigation at right time. • To improve the quality of and minimize polluted water discharges to the natural environment. • To reduce run-off and peak flows from urban development

30. Thanks for your attention… Fadim YAVUZ ÖZDEMİR