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the panama canal: a wonder of work

Joseph Pennell.

Albert_Lan
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the panama canal: a wonder of work

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    1. The Panama Canal: “A Wonder of Work”

    2. When the well-know artist, Joseph Pennell visited the Panama Canal construction site in 1912, he was amazed by what he called a “Wonder or Work.” As he started across the Isthmus, he wrote the quote in the slide. When the well-know artist, Joseph Pennell visited the Panama Canal construction site in 1912, he was amazed by what he called a “Wonder or Work.” As he started across the Isthmus, he wrote the quote in the slide.

    3. Case Study of U.S. Policy and Problems to be Overcome The Panama Canal was not only an incredible “wonder of work,” its construction was also an important case study of how U.S. foreign policy was conducted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. As you can see in this map, the Canal begins at the Atlantic Ocean, winds through the Isthmus of Panama and empties at the Pacific Ocean.The Panama Canal was not only an incredible “wonder of work,” its construction was also an important case study of how U.S. foreign policy was conducted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. As you can see in this map, the Canal begins at the Atlantic Ocean, winds through the Isthmus of Panama and empties at the Pacific Ocean.

    4. Political Problem -Gran Columbia This is an original map from 1886. As you can see, Gran Columbia included much of Central America, including Panama. In the 1920s, Colombia had no interest in discussing the possibility of an U.S.-made and controlled canal in Panama. This is an original map from 1886. As you can see, Gran Columbia included much of Central America, including Panama. In the 1920s, Colombia had no interest in discussing the possibility of an U.S.-made and controlled canal in Panama.

    5. Geographical Problems Three major geographical problems: complex mountain range formation; tropical jungles; and complex topography Additionally, the geography of Panama created many problems for any potential canal.Additionally, the geography of Panama created many problems for any potential canal.

    6. Complex Mountain Range Formation Complex mountain range formation through the Isthmus Complex mountain range formation through the Isthmus

    7. Tropical Jungles

    8. Complex Topography Complex topography as shown in this 1906 proposed map of the Canal in which mountain elevations and water levels are shown. Note the high elevations toward the Pacific and Atlantic mouths of the Isthmus, as well as the extremely low water levels at the Pacific. Complex topography as shown in this 1906 proposed map of the Canal in which mountain elevations and water levels are shown. Note the high elevations toward the Pacific and Atlantic mouths of the Isthmus, as well as the extremely low water levels at the Pacific.

    9. The Other Natural Problem: Disease - the “killer” obstacle During the French construction period, about 22,000 workers died, largely from disease. During the American construction period, hospital records show 5,609 deaths, a large percentage of which was attributed to disease. This is a picture of oil application at Pedro Miguel. Oil was applied to plant life in order to kill mosquito larvae.During the French construction period, about 22,000 workers died, largely from disease. During the American construction period, hospital records show 5,609 deaths, a large percentage of which was attributed to disease. This is a picture of oil application at Pedro Miguel. Oil was applied to plant life in order to kill mosquito larvae.

    10. How did the Americans overcome these political and geographical obstacles and, in so doing, create the “Wonder of Work” that Pennell observed in 1912? The Americans created a water crossing from the Atlantic Ocean at Colon – the eastern mouth of the Canal - to the Pacific Ocean ending at Panama City – the western mouth of the Canal. With the Canal’s completion, cargo and passenger ships no longer had to make the over 13,000 mile trip through the rough waters of Cape Horn. In the next two weeks, we will examine how U.S. foreign policy was used to help the Americans overcome these political and geographical obstacles and, in so doing, create the “Wonder of Work” that Pennell observed in 1912. In the next two weeks, we will examine how U.S. foreign policy was used to help the Americans overcome these political and geographical obstacles and, in so doing, create the “Wonder of Work” that Pennell observed in 1912.

    11. The Canal Passage Today, we are going to take an artistic and photographic journey through the Canal Zone as Pennell observed it in 1912. Today, we are going to take an artistic and photographic journey through the Canal Zone as Pennell observed it in 1912.

    12. This is a photo of the American quarter in Colon taken in the early 20th century.This is a photo of the American quarter in Colon taken in the early 20th century.

    13. Pennell proceeded to the Gatun locks where he sketched the towering 85-foot gates leading to the three locks - each were a mile long and about 90 feet deep. This sketch was drawn “at the bottom of Gatun Lock”. The photo is the East chamber of the Lock taken in 1912.Pennell proceeded to the Gatun locks where he sketched the towering 85-foot gates leading to the three locks - each were a mile long and about 90 feet deep. This sketch was drawn “at the bottom of Gatun Lock”. The photo is the East chamber of the Lock taken in 1912.

    14. The Guard Gate, Gatun This sketch is entitled “The Guard Gate, Gatun”.This sketch is entitled “The Guard Gate, Gatun”.

    15. Construction of Gatun Lock Pennel sketched the huge concrete arches of Gatun Lock that would be hidden by water when the canal was completed. In the distance of the sketch, you can see Gatun Lake - the next destination for a ship traveling on the Canal. In the photo, you can see the the arches as they looked in 1913 before water filled the Canal. Pennel sketched the huge concrete arches of Gatun Lock that would be hidden by water when the canal was completed. In the distance of the sketch, you can see Gatun Lake - the next destination for a ship traveling on the Canal. In the photo, you can see the the arches as they looked in 1913 before water filled the Canal.

    16. The Culebra Cut at Bas Obispo The next excavation was the Culebra Cut – an incision into Panama that extended for nine miles and ended at Gatun Lake - the largest artificial lake in the world until the creation of Lake Mead. This sketch on the left is of the Culebra Cut at Bas Obispo and illustrated the bottom of the cut. The Cut at Las Cascadas was drawn from above the cut and illustrates the various levels of the excavations. The next excavation was the Culebra Cut – an incision into Panama that extended for nine miles and ended at Gatun Lake - the largest artificial lake in the world until the creation of Lake Mead. This sketch on the left is of the Culebra Cut at Bas Obispo and illustrated the bottom of the cut. The Cut at Las Cascadas was drawn from above the cut and illustrates the various levels of the excavations.

    17. Gatun Lake This drawing provides a pictorial perspective of the land that is now underwater and part of Gatun Lake. It is taken from the town of Culebra, looking toward the Atlantic Ocean. The photo is a current picture of a ship going through the lake.This drawing provides a pictorial perspective of the land that is now underwater and part of Gatun Lake. It is taken from the town of Culebra, looking toward the Atlantic Ocean. The photo is a current picture of a ship going through the lake.

    18. Pedro Miguel Locks Moving on to the Pedro Miguel Locks, Pennell describes its approaches as “the most monumental piece of work on the Canal.” The men in the sketch are laying on concrete floor to the Northern approach of the locks. The photo is of the Pedro Miguel Locks, South View, taken in 1911.Moving on to the Pedro Miguel Locks, Pennell describes its approaches as “the most monumental piece of work on the Canal.” The men in the sketch are laying on concrete floor to the Northern approach of the locks. The photo is of the Pedro Miguel Locks, South View, taken in 1911.

    19. Pennell was also impressed with the walls of the Pedro Miguel Locks The photo was taken from the Pedro Miguel Locks, Northview, in 1910. Note that the gates in the sketch have not been added in the photo.The photo was taken from the Pedro Miguel Locks, Northview, in 1910. Note that the gates in the sketch have not been added in the photo.

    20. Miraflores Locks The next destination was the Miraflores Locks. These two locks, the closest to the Pacific Ocean, are shown in the background of the sketch entitled, “Building Miraflores Lock.” All the foreground was filled in by Miraflores Lake. The photo is a southern view of the Miraflores Locks taken in 1912. The next destination was the Miraflores Locks. These two locks, the closest to the Pacific Ocean, are shown in the background of the sketch entitled, “Building Miraflores Lock.” All the foreground was filled in by Miraflores Lake. The photo is a southern view of the Miraflores Locks taken in 1912.

    21. The photo is a northview of the Miraflores Locks taken in 1912. The sketch is almost an identical view taken in the same year.The photo is a northview of the Miraflores Locks taken in 1912. The sketch is almost an identical view taken in the same year.

    22. At Panama City, the Pacific end of the Canal, Pennell sketched its varied architecture. This sketch is of the Cathedral with “its richly decorated façade and long, unbroken side walls.” At Panama City, the Pacific end of the Canal, Pennell sketched its varied architecture. This sketch is of the Cathedral with “its richly decorated façade and long, unbroken side walls.”

    23. “The Kiss of Oceans” The photo shows the first ship to travel the Canal, the S.S. Ancon, going through the Gatun Locks.The photo shows the first ship to travel the Canal, the S.S. Ancon, going through the Gatun Locks.

    24. Technological Fact #1 The next several slides provide some interesting facts about the Canal’s technological construction. They also include some contemporary photos of movement from the Gatun Locks closest to the Atlantic Ocean to the Miraflores Locks closest to the Pacific. This photo shows ships in Gatun Lake. The next several slides provide some interesting facts about the Canal’s technological construction. They also include some contemporary photos of movement from the Gatun Locks closest to the Atlantic Ocean to the Miraflores Locks closest to the Pacific. This photo shows ships in Gatun Lake.

    25. Technological Fact #2

    26. Technological Fact #3 This photo shows a ship traveling through the Culebra Cut, heading toward Gatun Lake. This photo shows a ship traveling through the Culebra Cut, heading toward Gatun Lake.

    27. Technological Fact #4 This photo shows ships in the San Pedro Locks This photo shows ships in the San Pedro Locks

    28. Technological Fact #5 One portion of the material used as landfill, covering 500 acres of the Pacific Ocean, and created the area where later the town of Balboa and Fort Amador were built. One portion of the material used as landfill, covering 500 acres of the Pacific Ocean, and created the area where later the town of Balboa and Fort Amador were built.

    29. Technological Fact #6 One portion of the material used as landfill, covering 500 acres of the Pacific Ocean, and created the area where later the town of Balboa and Fort Amador were built. One portion of the material used as landfill, covering 500 acres of the Pacific Ocean, and created the area where later the town of Balboa and Fort Amador were built.

    30. Technological Fact #7 This picture is of Rush Hour as transiting ships crowd Miraflores Locks and Miraflores Lake. In all, canal crews will dredge 130 million cubic meters of rock and soil, enough to fill the Empire State Building nearly 130 times. The new traffic lane will be large enough to accommodate post-Panamax ships and will double the canal's capacity. To connect those locks to existing shipping lanes, nearly 5 miles of channels will be excavated. The current route through Gatun Lake will also be deepened by 5 ft. and widened, from today’s 500 ft. minimum, to 920 ft. on straightaways and 1200 ft. in the turns. Gatun Lake will then be raised 1.5 ft., providing an extra 550 million gal. of water each day for the locks and alleviating concerns that canal expansion will tax water supplies. About 130 million tons will be excavated over the next seven or eight years, more than half the amount removed during 34 years of French and U.S. digging. Dry excavation could begin this year; work on the new locks could start in 2008 and on Gatun Lake in 2011. Everything is expected to be completed by 2015 - 100 years after the Canal was completed. This picture is of Rush Hour as transiting ships crowd Miraflores Locks and Miraflores Lake. In all, canal crews will dredge 130 million cubic meters of rock and soil, enough to fill the Empire State Building nearly 130 times. The new traffic lane will be large enough to accommodate post-Panamax ships and will double the canal's capacity. To connect those locks to existing shipping lanes, nearly 5 miles of channels will be excavated. The current route through Gatun Lake will also be deepened by 5 ft. and widened, from today’s 500 ft. minimum, to 920 ft. on straightaways and 1200 ft. in the turns. Gatun Lake will then be raised 1.5 ft., providing an extra 550 million gal. of water each day for the locks and alleviating concerns that canal expansion will tax water supplies. About 130 million tons will be excavated over the next seven or eight years, more than half the amount removed during 34 years of French and U.S. digging. Dry excavation could begin this year; work on the new locks could start in 2008 and on Gatun Lake in 2011. Everything is expected to be completed by 2015 - 100 years after the Canal was completed.

    31. Tight Fit… In the current canal locks, ships have a clearance of about 2 ft. on either side. This picture shows a tight fit - ships have a clearance of about 2 ft. on either side in the current canal locks. In all, canal crews will dredge 130 million cubic meters of rock and soil, enough to fill the Empire State Building nearly 130 times. The new traffic lane will be large enough to accommodate post-Panamax ships and will double the canal's capacity. To connect those locks to existing shipping lanes, nearly 5 miles of channels will be excavated. The current route through Gatun Lake will also be deepened by 5 ft. and widened, from today’s 500 ft. minimum, to 920 ft. on straightaways and 1200 ft. in the turns. Gatun Lake will then be raised 1.5 ft., providing an extra 550 million gal. of water each day for the locks and alleviating concerns that canal expansion will tax water supplies. About 130 million tons will be excavated over the next seven or eight years, more than half the amount removed during 34 years of French and U.S. digging. Dry excavation could begin this year; work on the new locks could start in 2008 and on Gatun Lake in 2011. Everything is expected to be completed by 2015 - 100 years after the Canal was completed. This picture shows a tight fit - ships have a clearance of about 2 ft. on either side in the current canal locks. In all, canal crews will dredge 130 million cubic meters of rock and soil, enough to fill the Empire State Building nearly 130 times. The new traffic lane will be large enough to accommodate post-Panamax ships and will double the canal's capacity. To connect those locks to existing shipping lanes, nearly 5 miles of channels will be excavated. The current route through Gatun Lake will also be deepened by 5 ft. and widened, from today’s 500 ft. minimum, to 920 ft. on straightaways and 1200 ft. in the turns. Gatun Lake will then be raised 1.5 ft., providing an extra 550 million gal. of water each day for the locks and alleviating concerns that canal expansion will tax water supplies. About 130 million tons will be excavated over the next seven or eight years, more than half the amount removed during 34 years of French and U.S. digging. Dry excavation could begin this year; work on the new locks could start in 2008 and on Gatun Lake in 2011. Everything is expected to be completed by 2015 - 100 years after the Canal was completed.

    32. Larger Traffic Lanes In all, canal crews will dredge 130 million cubic meters of rock and soil, enough to fill the Empire State Building nearly 130 times. The new traffic lane will be large enough to accommodate larger, more modern, ships and will double the canal's capacity. About 130 million tons will be excavated over the next seven or eight years, more than half the amount removed during 34 years of French and U.S. digging. Dry excavation could begin this year; work on the new locks could start in 2008 and on Gatun Lake in 2011. Everything is expected to be completed by 2015 - 100 years after the Canal was completed. About 130 million tons will be excavated over the next seven or eight years, more than half the amount removed during 34 years of French and U.S. digging. Dry excavation could begin this year; work on the new locks could start in 2008 and on Gatun Lake in 2011. Everything is expected to be completed by 2015 - 100 years after the Canal was completed.

    33. Updates on the Panama Canal began in 2007. Everything is expected to be completed by 2015 - 100 years after the Canal was completed. Everything is expected to be completed by 2015 - 100 years after the Canal was completed.

    34. …and the “Wonder of Work”lives on! The End

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