Adding Variety with Sentence Structure

1. Adding VarietywithSentence Structure • Objectives • Identify independent and dependent clauses. (subordinate) • Identify the four kinds of sentence structure. • Use the four types of sentence structure in original writing.

2. Clause:a group of related words which has both a subject and a predicate • Independent or Main Clause: • Presents a complete thought and can stand as a sentence • A small horse can attack a large horse. • It kicks its heels in the horse’s belly. • Dependent or Subordinate Clause • Does not present a complete thought and cannot stand as a sentence • If it kicks its heels in the horse’s belly • So that they can stay warm during the winter

3. Independent ClauseDependent Clause(subordinate) • A small horse can attack a large horseif it kicks its heels in the horse’s belly. • Sparrows make nests in cattle barnsso that they can stay warm during the winter. • If it kicks its heels in the horse’s belly, a small horse can attack a large horse. • So that they can stay warm during the winter, sparrows make nests in cattle barns.

4. Four TypesofSentence Structure • Simple • Compound • Complex • Compound-Complex

5. Simple Sentence(one independent clause) • Judy went to the mall. • Judy and Mike went to the mall. • Judy went to the mall and bought shoes. • Judy and Mike went to the mall and bought shoes.

6. Compound Sentence(two independent clauses joined) • Coordinate Conjunctions • and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so • Correlative Conjunctions • either / or neither / nor not only / but also both/and, whether/or • Conjunctive Adverbs • therefore, nevertheless, however, moreover

7. Compound Sentences • Coordinate conjunction • Judy will go to the mall, orshe will go to the local shopping center. • Correlative Conjunction • Not onlywill Judy go to the mall, but alsoshe will go to the local shopping center. • Conjunctive Adverb • Judy went to the mall; however,she found little in her size on sale.

8. Complex Sentence(oneindependent clause+ one or more dependent clauses) • When she heard there was a sale at Dillard’s, Judy went to the mall. • Judy went to the mallbecause there was a sale at Dillard’s. • When she heard there was a sale at Dillard’s, Judy went to the mallbecause she needed new shoes.

9. Compound-Complex Sentence(two or more independent clauses+ one or more dependent clauses) • Because there was a sale at Dillard’s, Judy went to the mall, butshe was unable to find shoes in her size. • The slacks that Judy found were quite inexpensive, andshe decided to purchase three pairs. • Because there was a sale at Dillard’s, Judy went to the mall, butthe slacks that were on sale were not available in her size.

10. Now you try these: • Frances would like to ride on a streetcar but has never visited a city that has one. • Complex • Frances would like to ride on a streetcar but has never visited a citythat has one. • Dale is unable to attend today’s rehearsal because of unforeseen circumstances. • Simple • Dale is unable to attend today’s rehearsalbecause of unforeseen circumstances.

11. The scientists were amazed by the discovery, and they did further tests that verified their findings. • Compound-complex • The scientists were amazed by the discovery, andthey did further teststhat verified their findings. • The mayor, whom I met last year, has not announced that she is running for re-election. • Complex • The mayor, whom I met last year, has not announcedthat she is running for re-election.

12. Since the animals of the arctic are remarkably adapted to the climate, they don’t mind the cold at all. • Complex • Since the animals of the arctic are remarkably adapted to the climate,they don’t mind the cold at all. • As the fifth round began, the wrestler looked tired, but he had enough strength left to pin his opponent. • Compound-Complex • As the fifth round began, the wrestler looked tired, but he had enough strength left to pin his opponent.

13. I went to the nearby skating rink, but it was closed because of the warm weather. • Compound • I went to the nearby skating rink, butit was closed because of the warm weather. • If you want to, you can do a research paper that surveys the history of writing from ancient times to the present. • Complex • If you want to, you can do a research paperthat surveys the history of writing from ancient times to the present.

14. Harold will appreciate whatever gift you choose for him. • Complex • Harold will appreciatewhatever gift you choose for him. • Would you like to see the brand-new herbarium featuring rare dried plants? • Simple • Would you like to see the brand-new herbarium featuring rare dried plants?

15. ***Quiz*** • When morning came, the campers drove off in their van, and the ranger breathed a sigh of relief. • The dog sleeping in front of the fireplace can be very grouchy. • The Bears are an immensely popular football team; therefore, their fans follow their games avidly. • The chartered ship sails wherever the passengers want to go.

16. ***Answers*** • 1. Compound-complex 2. Simple • 3. Compound 4. Complex • When morning came, the campers drove off in their van, andthe ranger breathed a sigh of relief. • The dog sleeping in front of the fireplace can be very grouchy. • The Bears are a popular football team; therefore,their fans follow their games avidly. • The chartered ship sailswherever the passengers want to go.