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IEEE 802.16 and 802.15

IEEE 802.16 and 802.15. Outline. An overview An insight into IEEE 802.16 WiMAX An introduction to Bluetooth. Local Area Networks (e.g. 802.11). Satellite Global Area Network. Background: Wireless Landscape. High-Speed Connectivity & Hierarchy of Networks. Low Cost & Complexity.

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IEEE 802.16 and 802.15

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  1. IEEE 802.16 and 802.15

  2. Outline • An overview • An insight into IEEE 802.16 WiMAX • An introduction to Bluetooth

  3. Local Area Networks (e.g. 802.11) Satellite Global Area Network Background: Wireless Landscape High-Speed Connectivity & Hierarchy of Networks Low Cost & Complexity Personal Area Network Fixed Broadband Wireless (e.g.802.16) Cellular Mobile Networks (e.g. GPRS,3G) High Cost & Complexity Increasing Coverage Area

  4. Background: Wireless Technologies WAN (Wide Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) PAN (Personal Area Network)

  5. What is WiMAX? • WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) • BWA (Broadband Wireless Access) Solution • Standard (IEEE 802.16 is the standard) for constructing Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMANs) • Can go places where no wired infrastructure can reach • Backhauling Wi-Fi hotspots & cellular networks • Offers new and exciting opportunities to established and newly emerging companies • Incorporate cable (wired technology) standard • Comply with European BWA standard

  6. WiMAX Overview • Complement the existing last mile wired networks (i.e. xDSL, cable modem) • Fast deployment, cost saving • High speed data, voice and video services • Fixed BWA, Mobile BWA

  7. Comparing Technologies

  8. Potential Services

  9. Benefits of WiMAX • Speed • Faster than broadband service • Wireless • Not having to lay cables reduces cost • Easier to extend to suburban and rural areas • Broad coverage • Much wider coverage than WiFi hotspots

  10. An Insight into IEEE 802.16

  11. IEEE 802.16 Evolution • Fixed BWA at 10-66hz • Line of sight • Fixed BWA at 2-11hz • None line of sight • Revision of 802.16 • Combine previous 802.16 standards • Mobile BWA based on 802.16-2004 (802.16a) • Roaming with vehicular speed

  12. IEEE 802.16 Specifications • 802.16a • use the licensed and license-exempt frequencies from 2 to 11Ghz • Support Mesh-Network • 802.16b • Increase spectrum to 5 and 6GHz • Provide QoS (for real-time voice and video service) • 802.16c • Represents a 10 to 66GHz system profile • 802.16d • Improvement and fixes for 802.16a • 802.16e • Addresses on Mobile • Enable high-speed signal handoffs necessary for communications with users moving at vehicular speeds

  13. IEEE 802.16 Basics

  14. IEEE 802.16 Operation • WiMAX consists of two parts • A WiMAX tower, similar in concept to a cell-phone tower - A single WiMAX tower can provide coverage to a very large area -- as big as 3,000 square miles • A WiMAX Receiver The receiver and antenna could be a small box or PCMCIA card, or they could be built into a laptop the way WiFi access is today

  15. How WiMax Works • WiMax can provide 2 forms of wireless services: - Non-LOS, Wi-Fi sort of service, where a small antenna on a computer connects to the tower. Uses lower frequency range (2 to 11 GHz). - LOS, where a fixed antenna points straight at the WiMax tower from a rooftop or pole. The LOS connection is stronger and more stable, so it is able to send a lot of data with fewer errors. Uses higher frequencies, with ranges reaching a possible 66 GHz. • Through stronger LOS antennas, WiMax transmitting stations would send data to WiMax enabled computers or routers set up within 30 (3,600 square miles of coverage) mile radius.

  16. WiMax Spectrum • Broad Operating Range • WiMax Forum is focusing on 3 spectrum bands for global deployment: • Unlicensed 5 GHz: Includes bands between 5.25 and 5.85 GHz. In the upper 5 GHz band (5.725 – 5.850 GHz) many countries allow higher power output (4 Watts) that makes it attractive for WiMax applications. • Licensed 3.5 GHz: Bands between 3.4 and 3.6 GHz have been allocated for BWA in majority of countries. • Licensed 2.5 GHz: The bands between 2.5 and 2.6 GHz have been allocated in the US, Mexico, Brazil and in some SEA countries. In US this spectrum is licensed for MDS and ITFS.

  17. Benefits of Licensed and License-Exempt Solutions

  18. Technical Similarities and Differences Between Licensed and License-Exempt Bands • Both solutions are based on IEEE 802.16-2004 standard, which uses OFDM in the physical (PHY) layer. • OFDM provides benefits such as increased SNR of subscriber stations and improved resiliency to multi-path interference. • For creating bi-directional channels for uplink and downlink, licensed solutions use FDD while license exempt solutions use TDD.

  19. Time Division Duplexing (TDD)

  20. Time Division Duplexing (TDD) • In case of TDD both uplink and downlink transmissions share the same frequency but are separated on time • A TDD frame has a fixed duration and also consists of one uplink and one downlink frame • TDD framing is Adaptive

  21. Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)

  22. Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) • In case of FDD both uplink and downlink channels are on separate frequencies • The capability of downlink to be transmitted in bursts simultaneously supports two different modulation types • Full Duplex SS's (which can transmit and receive simultaneously • Half Duplex SS's (which cannot)

  23. Architecture • P2MP (Point to Multi point) • Wireless MAN • BS connected to Public Networks • BS serves Subscriber Stations (SS) • Provides SS with first mile access to Public Networks • Mesh Architecture • Optional architecture for WiMAX

  24. Base Station P2MP Architecture Non Line-of-Sight Point to Multi-Point Line-of-Sight Backhaul 802.16d 802.16 Telco Core Network or Private (Fiber) Network INTERNET BACKBONE

  25. Mesh Architecture

  26. Reference Model • Supports multiple services (e.g. IP, voice over IP, video) simultaneously, with different QoSpriorities • Covers MAC layer and PHY layer

  27. MAC Layer • Wireless MAN: Point-to-Multipoint and optional mesh topology • Connection-oriented • Connection ID (CID) • MAC layer is further subdivided into three layers • Convergence sub-layer (CS) • Common part sub-layer (CPS) • Privacy sub-layer

  28. MAC Addressing • SS has 48-bit 802.3 MAC address • BS has 48-bit base station ID • Not a MAC address • Connection ID (CID) • 16 bit • Used in MAC PDU • Connection Oriented Service

  29. MAC PDU • Each MAC packet consists of the three components, • A MAC header, which contains frame control information. • A variable length frame body, which contains information specific to the frame type. • A frame check sequence(FCS), which contains an IEEE 32-bit cyclic redundancy code (CRC).

  30. MAC PDU Types • Data MAC PDUs • HT = 0 • Payloads are MAC SDUs/segments, i.e., data from upper layer (CS PDUs) • Transmitted on data connections • Management MAC PDUs • HT = 0 • Payloads are MAC management messages or IP packets encapsulated in MAC CS PDUs • Transmitted on management connections • BW Req. MAC PDUs • HT = 1; and no payload, i.e., just a Header

  31. MAC PDU Transmission • MAC PDU’s are transmitted on PHY bursts • The PHY burst can contain multiple FEC blocks • Concatenation • Multiple MAC PDU's can be concatenated into a single transmission in either uplink or downlink direction • Fragmentation • Each MAC SDU can be divided into one or more MAC PDU's • Packing • Packs multiple MAC SDU's into a single MAC PDU

  32. MAC CS Sub-layer • Interoperability requires convergence sub-layer to be service specific • Separate CS layers for upper layer (ATM & packet) protocols • CS Layer: • Receives data from higher layers • Classifies data as ATM cell or packet • Forwards frames to CPS layer

  33. MAC CPS Sub-layer • Performs typical MAC functions such as addressing • Each SS assigned 48-bit MAC address • Connection Identifiers used as primary address after initialization • MAC policy determined by direction of transmission • Uplink is DAMA-TDM • Downlink is TDM • Data encapsulated in a common format facilitating interoperability • Fragment or pack frames as needed • Changes transparent to receiver

  34. MAC Privacy Sub-layer • Provides secure communication • Data encrypted with cipher clock chaining mode of DES • Prevents theft of service • SSs authenticated by BS using key management protocol

  35. How It Works http://www.networkworld.com/news/tech/2001/0903tech.html

  36. 802.16 Network Entry • Scanning • Scan for BS downlink channel • Synchronize with BS • Specifies channel parameters • Ranging • Set PHY parameters correctly • Establish the primary management channel (for negotiation, authentication, and key management) • Registration • Result in establishment of secondary management connection (for transfer of standard based management messages such as DHCP, TFTP ) • Establishment of transport connection

  37. IEEE 802.16 Features • Scalability • QoS • Range • Coverage • WiMAX vs. Wi-Fi

  38. IEEE 802.11 vs. IEEE 802.16 (1/4) • Scalability • 802.11 • Channel bandwidth for 20MHz is fixed • MAC designed to support 10’s of users • 802.16 • Channel b/w is flexible from 1.5 MHz to 20 MHz. • Frequency re-use. • Channel bandwidths can be chosen by operator (e.g. for sectorization) • MAC designed to support thousands of users.

  39. IEEE 802.11 vs. IEEE 802.16 (2/4) • Quality Of Service (QoS) • 802.11 • No QoS support today (802.11e working to standardize ) • Contention-based MAC (CSMA/CA) => no guaranteed QoS • 802.16 • QoS designed in for voice/video • Grant-request MAC • Supports differentiated service levels. • e.g. T1 for business customers; best effort for residential. • Centrally-enforced QoS

  40. IEEE 802.11 vs. IEEE 802.16 (3/4) • Range • 802.11 • Optimized for users within a 100 meter radius • Add access points or high gain antenna for greater coverage • Designed to handle indoor multi-path delay spread of 0.8μ seconds • 802.16 • Optimized for typical cell size of 7-10km • Up to 50 Km range • No “hidden node” problem • Designed to tolerate greater multi-path delay spread (signal reflections) up to 10.0μ seconds

  41. IEEE 802.11 vs. IEEE 802.16 (4/4) • Coverage • 802.11 • Optimized for indoor performance • No mesh topology support within ratified standards • 802.16 • Optimized for outdoor NLOS performance (trees, buildings, users spread out over distance) • Standard supports mesh network topology • Standard supports advanced antenna techniques

  42. Introduction to Bluetooth

  43. Bluetooth • named after a Danish Viking and King, Harald Blåtand • it is a cable-replacement technology: new technology using short-range radio links, intended to replace the cable(s) connecting portable and/or fixed electronic devices • conceived initially by Ericsson in 1994, set to commercially come out in bulk around 2002 • a standard for a small , cheap radio chip to be plugged into computers, printers, mobile phones, etc • The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) was founded by Ericsson,IBM,Intel,Nokia and Toshiba in February 1998, to develop an open specification for short-range wireless connectivity

  44. Bluetooth • Bluetooth radio modules operate in the unlicensed ISM band centered at at 2.45GHz. RF channels:2402+k MHZ, k=0..78. • Bluetooth devices within 10m of each other can share up to 720kbps of capacity • Projected cost for a Bluetooth chip is ~$5. Plus its low power consumption, means you could literally place one anywhere. • Can operate on both circuit and packet switching modes, providing both synchronous and asynchronous data services • It is intended to support an open-ended list of applications, including data, audio, graphics and even video.

  45. Bluetooth • Bluetooth must be able to: • Recognize any other Bluetooth device in radio range • Permit easy connection of these devices • Be aware of the device types • Support service discovery • Support connectivity aware applications • Examples of Bluetooth uses: • Briefcase email: access email while the PC is still in the briefcase; when PC receives an email, you are notified thru the mobile phone. Use the mobile phone to browse the email. • Cordless desktop: connect your desktop/laptop cordlessly to printers, scanner, keyboard, mouse, etc.

  46. IEEE 802.15 • In 1999, IEEE established a working group for wireless personal area networks (WPAN) • Contains multiple subgroups • IEEE 802.15.1 • Standardizes the lower layers of the Bluetooth (together with the Bluetooth consortium) • Bluetooth also specifies higher layers • IEEE 802.15.2 • Focuses on the coexistence of WPAN and WLAN • Proposes the adaptive frequency hopping (used since version 1.2) that requires a WPAN device check for the occupied channels and exclude them from their hopping list • IEEE 802.15.3 • For high-rate at low-power low cost • IEEE 802.15.4 • Low-rate low-power consumption WPAN enabling multi-year battery life • Zigbee consortium tries to standardize the higher layers of 802.15.4

  47. Bluetooth is a PAN Technology • Offers fast and reliable transmission for both voice and data • Can support either one asynchronous data channel with up to three simultaneous synchronous speech channels or one channel that transfers asynchronous data and synchronous speech simultaneously • Support both packet-switching and circuit-switching

  48. Personal Area Network (PAN)

  49. Bluetooth is a standard that will … • Eliminate wires and cables between both stationary and mobile devices • Facilitate both data and voice communications • Offer the possibility of ad hoc networks and deliver synchronicity between personal devices

  50. Characteristics of Bluetooth Technology 79 frequencies, each channel is used for 625 microseconds 2M is expected for Bluetooth 2

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