Dynasty to Communism

1. Dynasty to Communism China Changes from Emperor to Chairman

2. Dynasties Rulers of China were referred to as emperors. Emperors could continue in power if they were benevolent or overthrown if they were poor at conducting the business of governing. There have been approximately 15 Dynasties with hundreds of rulers. Several have overlapped and some ruled specific regions of China. The first would be considered the Shang Dynasty.

3. Legacy of the Shang Dynasty

4. Shang Dynasty 1750-1122 BCE The first organized government, system of writing and bronze vessels. Communication with the supernatural was conducted by priests. They inscribed questions upon bones and applied heat. The interpretation of the cracks were answers to the questions. The bones were stored for reference.

5. Reading of the Bones

6. All Dynasty All the time! (Until 1911) Chinese rule was based on one primary leader of China, the head of the Dynasty (emperor.) Each leader was succeeded by another, usually by birthright, until an opposing group took power. At times, two or more Dynasties coexisted in different parts of China.

7. Five Dynasties and Ten States Five Dynasties---- Later Liang (907 - 923)---- Later Tang (923 - 936)---- Later Jin (936 - 946)---- Later Han�(947 - 951)---- Later Zhou (951 - 960) Ten States (902 - 979) Song Dynasty Northern Song (960 - 1127) Southern Song (1127 - 1279) Liao Dynasty 916 --- 1125 Jin Dynasty 1115 --- 1234 Yuan Dynasty 1271 --- 1368 Ming Dynasty 1368 --- 1644 Qing Dynasty1644 --- 1911 (Mao�s Cultural Rev.)

8. Section 1 Decline of the Qing Dynasty Pg. 465-471 At the height of it�s power in 1800, the Qing dynasty of the Manchus began to become weak from corruption, peasant unrest and incompetent management. This also was a time of great population growth which then produced years of famine. China was not inclined to trade with the British for the sought after porcelain (fine vases, cups, plates and containers) nor for Tea. They limited the British to certain areas around and near Guangzhou. Pg. 466

9. China Resists Trade with West

10. The last Dynasty: Qing The British had a trade imbalance (deficit) with China. This means Britain imported more goods (tea, silk & porcelain) than what China purchased from Britain. Britain paid China with their holdings in the British East India Company with cotton. This however did not fully cover the cost, so Britain had to pay in silver. When negotiations failed with China to right the trade imbalance, The British East India Company turned to trading in Opium (highly addictive drug.) Pg. 466

11. The Opium War

12. Chinese Society in Transition The British won the Opium war and as a concession, in the treaty of Nanjing (1842) China gave the island of Hong Kong to the British. Pg. 467

13. Tai Ping Rebellion Failure of the Qing dynasty�s government to address the internal dissent of the peasants and Western influence created an opportunity for revolt. It came in the form of a young Christian convert who believed himself to be the younger brother of Jesus Christ. He was �told by god� to destroy the Qing dynasty. Social reforms included women�s equality and land to the peasants. Europeans came to the aid of the Qing dynasty to stop the civil unrest and war thus perpetuating the imperalist tendencies of Western influence.

14. Qing Dynasty Declines Further A policy of Qing �Self-strengthening� reform was an attempt to adopt Western technology while keeping the Confucian values and institutions. Europeans advanced into China based on trade, while internal conditions continued to deteriorate. Pg. 468 Both Russia and Great Britain wanted to control Tibet but this actually allowed Tibet to become free from Chinese influence. Pg. 469 Chinese went to war with Japan (see map on pg. 469) due to Japan grasping control of the Southern Peninsula. The Chinese defeat by Japan allowed acquisition of the Island of Taiwan (Formosa.) Pg. 470

15. Boxer Rebellion The final rebellion during the Qing dynasty involved individuals who believed that foreign take over of Chinese lands was not acceptable. The �Boxers� practiced a system of exercise; a form of shadowboxing. They were small tactical groups whose main objective was to �destroy the foreigner.� They especially disliked those Chinese who had turned to Christianity. Slaughtering of foreign, missionaries, business men, diplomats and Chinese Christians lead to the immediate and overwhelming advance of British, French, German, Russian, American and Japanese troops to restore order. The Qing dynasty was on the verge of collapse. Pg. 471

16. Boxer Rebellion

17. REVOLUTION IN CHINASection 2 Pg. 473 - 477

18. Centralized Imperial Government Falls 1905 � Provincial (regional) or more local control was allowed by the Empress Dowager Ci Xi based on assemblies. It was soon discovered that these assemblies were more advisory to the Empress. No direct influence on the laws of the land led to more unrest. Pg. 474

19. Empress Dowager Ci Xi

20. Sun Yat-Sen�s Philosophy China will never rid herself of Western influence unless there is a strong centralized government. He believed this would be a difficult process as the Chinese culture did not easily support change, so he promoted a 3 stage reform. Military take over of power from Qing dynasty. Transition � Sun�s revolutionary party to prepare people to embrace democracy. Constitutional democracy. Pg. 474

21. The Revolutionary Alliance was formed by Sun Yat-sen but was later renamed as the Nationalist party. The three principles of the people: Nationalism Democracy The right of people to pursue their own livelihoods. Pg. 474

22. Revolution of 1911 was more of a simple collapse of 2,000 years of Imperial Rule Empress Dowager dies 1908. Henry Pu Yi was placed on the throne at the age of 2 years and 10 mo. General Yuan Shigai was in charge of the imperial guards at this time and negotiated a peace with Sun Yat � sen�s party. He agrees to be the provisional government leader until the revolutionary alliance could take control. Pg. 475

23. 1912 Republic of China In 1912 China was a single republic with two different governments. North China, with capital Beijing, was governed by General Yuan Shih-k'ai, while the South was governed by Sun Yat-Sen and the Kuo-min-tang. The only common flag between them was the national flag (with five colors), which was also used as the merchant (civil) ensign.

24. Yuan soon became the enemy of Sun Yat-Sen Yuan ruled too similarly to an emperor without accepting new reformed governmental concepts. He was disliked for his use of force; murder and terror. The nationalists staged a rebellion which failed. This exiled Sun Yat-sen to Japan. The general died not long afterward and China digressed into government controlled by warlords contingent upon regional rule.

25. CHINESE SOCIETY IN TRANSITION Western influence in China brought with it three distinct changes: Introduction of modern means of transportation and communications. Create an export market for the national commodities of oil, copper, salt, tea and porcelain. Integration of Chinese market into nintenth-century world economy. Pg. 476

26. Old vs. New Culture Radical reformers wished to eliminate traditional culture, condemning it as an instrument of oppression. The focus for this group was to create a respected modern China (tradition must be changed!) Intellectuals introduced Western books, paintings, music and ideas. These were most notably embraced by the more urban middle class. Traditional culture was revered more in the rural areas. A more realistic portrayal (view) of society was inspired by Western authors and several Chinese authors were published in this genre. Pg. 478

27. Cornell Notes Please take out a piece of paper and head your paper. Name Date Subject Period Cornell Notes Revolutionary Chaos in China Chapter 18 Section 3 Pg. 575 - 580

28. Nationalist vs CommunistWho would rule China? As the central government nearly ceased to exist in China, two political forces began to emerge as competitors for the right to rule. Sun Yat-sen�s Nationalist Party Chinese Communist Party

29. CCP: Chinese Communist Party Intellectuals from Beijing University developed the foundational beliefs and used the commercial industrial city of Shanghai as a central base. An alliance was created between the Nationalists and the new CCP.

30. Sun Yat-Sen succeeded by New leader of Nationalist China: Chiang Kai-shek

31. Massacre at Shanghai Chiang Kai-shek turned on the communist alliance in April of 1927, killing thousands in the hopes of destroying any opposition to his Nationalist party. Chiang then went on to create a new Chinese republic at Nanjing. Two threats still remained: 1. More communists. 2. Imperialist Japan sensed China�s governmental chaos. Pg. 576

32. Two Types of Chinese Communists Communists into Hiding to Avoid Chiang Kai-shek

33. Mao and the Long March Chiang Kai-Shek�s troops surrounded Mao�s army but the People�s Liberation Army (Mao�s troops) broke through the Nationalist line and headed to Yanan in Northern China. It was during this march that Mao established himself as the sole leader of the communist Party.

34. New China of Chiang Kai-Shek

35. Chaing Kai-Shek Success and Failures

36. Communist China 1950 - 1980 Chapter 24 Section 1 Pg. 723 - 728

37. 1945 � Full Scale Civil War Along with the United States, Chaing Kai Shek and his Nationalist party was supported by the middle class and the landed aristocratic (gentry) in central and South of China.

38. Civil War and US involvement

39. In 1949, during the Chinese Civil War, the Kuomintang (KMT), led by Chiang Kai-shek, retreated from Mainland China and moved the ROC government from Nanjing to Taipei, Taiwan's largest city, while continuing to claim sovereignty over all of China and Greater Mongolia. On the mainland, the victorious Communists established the People's Republic of China, claiming to be the sole representative of China including Taiwan and portraying the ROC government on Taiwan as an illegitimate entity. Pg. 723

40. History of Taiwan

41. Mao was a socialist before a communistOriginal strategies for societal change were based on governmental intervention influenced by Marx. Government program for a socialist society: Landlords were forced to give lands to the peasants. (2/3 of all peasants received land by 1955) Private farms were collectivized in the hopes of increasing production for a growing population. Industry nationalized. Commerce (banking) nationalized. Pg. 724

42. Hard work for a few years, happiness for a thousand! Mao�s plan for reorganizing society also included the combination of all existing farms into a vast commune; up to 30,000 people who lived and worked together. This idea would promote a class-less society whereby communism could take hold properly. All of these changes were referred to as : THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD! (GLF) However, the great leap forward was totally unsuccessful. The peasants hated the new plan which slowed food production. This slowing amplified the famine due to poor weather. 15 million people died due to starvation. Pg. 724

44. A set of "backyard furnaces," which came to symbolize the excesses of the Great Leap Forward (GLF) launched in 1958. The GLF was a massive political-economic movement, endorsed by Mao, which broke sharply with the Soviet economic model and was intended to accelerate China's socialist development and "remake Chinese man." Overlapping with the initiation of the commune movement and placing greater reliance on the "mass line" rather than centralized planning, the GLF stressed an economic approach of "walking on two legs," that is, the simultaneous development of both agriculture and industry, and of both light and heavy industry.

45. Overview of Mao�s Plan

46. THE GREAT PROLETARIAN CULTURAL REVOLUTION The concept was to create a working class culture that was influenced by Mao�s thoughts published in the �Little Red Book.� Red Guards were formed by youth and were set out with the goal of destroying the 4 olds: Old Ideas Old Culture Old Customs Old Habits Pg. 725

47. The Death of Mao Zedong Mao's death on September 9, 1976 touched off an intense struggle for power in which the "radicals" led by Jiang Qing and her "gang of four" faction failed in their attempt to mount a military coup. The failed coup, arrest and execution of the "gang of four" Marked the end of the Cultural Revolution which in turn made possible the reemergence, in 1977, of the new leader of China: Deng Xiaoping. Pg. 725

48. Deng XiaopingChina�s leader  1982-1989

49. Most noted Photo from Demonstration

50. Tiananmen Square Demonstration 1989

51. Chinese Society Under Communism The CCP wanted to create a new kind of citizen; one who would contribute their utmost to the greater good of all. Women took on more political activist roles and were protected by new marriage laws in 1950. Family loyalty undercut the loyalty of state (according to Marxism) so dedication to society at large was stressed, not the family unit. Civil and personal order was arranged to support the CCP in that children were to report critical remarks of the parents, students to report on their teachers, and employees to report on their employers.

52. China and the Cold War In 1950, China signed an alliance with the Soviet Union which signaled alarm to some Americans concerned with the strengthening of communism. Korea was a part of the Japanese empire until the end of WWII (1905-1945.) At the conclusion of the war, the Soviet and American governments decided to divide Korea into two zones (North and South) at the 38th parallel with the intent of unifying the country with elections. However, two separate governments emerged; one communist (North) and one anti-communist (South.)

53. Stalin backs invasion of South Korea With support of the United Nations, President Harry Truman sent American troops to repel the communist invaders from South Korea with the goal of unifying all of Korea. China became alarmed and sent hundreds of thousands of Chinese troops to assist the push back effort to the 38th parallel. Three years of fighting produced no victory so an armistice occurred in 1953. The 38th parallel remains the border today.

54. Communists Attack South Korea

55. Battles of Korea

56. End of Korean War: July 22, 1953

57. President Nixon First American President to visit China in 1979

58. Nixon Visits China

59. Dynasty to Communism As prepared for 9th grade World Studies by Linda Hoerling using the Glencoe World History textbook.