Chemistry 1A

1. Chemistry 1A Mr. Kimball dkimball@bakersfieldcollege.edu http://www2.bakersfieldcollege.edu/dkimball

2. Welcome to Chemistry 2A • Podcasts • A little about myself • A little about you • New? Major? ESL? International? • Learning Disorders • Sign roll sheet • Get phone numbers of others in class

3. The Class Syllabus http://www2.bakersfieldcollege.edu/dkimball

4. Some students prefer to skim through a course. If you really want to succeed you need to go deep!

5. Learning Skills R C P P P P P P S N G N H • Take Responsibility (it’s your education) • Have Confidence (you can do it!) • Don‘t Procrastinate (study for final now) • Read/Listen Precisely (ignore things that just aren’t there) • Practice (use practice tests) • Persistence (get up one more time than you fall down) • Recognize Patterns (most things are done the same way) • Use Pictures (outline problem) • Think Sequentially (one step at a time) • Do Neat work (so you can check it) • Group Study (explain things to each other) • Try Something New (don’t keep repeating failures) • Get Help Learning Skills Power Point

6. Using This Book • Concept check problems are found within the chapter with the solutions right there with the problem. • Exercise problems are found within the chapter with select answers in the back of the book. • Homework is assigned from the Internet. You should check the Eduspace link from my Main Web site under Chemistry 1a for instructions.

7. Using This Book • A CD comes with the book that has tutorials, practice quizzes and other aids. Those not doing well in the class should consider using some of these aids. • There is also a web site. It has practice tests, flash cards, animations, etc. (http://college.hmco.com/chemistry/general/ebbing/general_chem/8e/students/index.html )

8. Chemistry and Measurement 1.1 Modern Chemistry 1.2 Experiment and Explanation 1.3 Law of Conservation of Mass 1.4 Matter

9. Aristotle Earth Air Fire Water

10. Democritus (460-370 BC) Greek Philosopher who first coined the word “atomos”.

11. What Is Chemistry? • Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and energy and changes that matter undergoes. • Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. • Energy is the “ability to do work.”

12. Archimedes Archimedes lived in Syracuse on the island of Sicily.

13. Archimedes A comparison of Archimedes’ Pulleys and Study! Big Study! Little Study!

14. Galileo Galilei Father of the Scientific Method Heavy things fall faster than light things???? Aristotle

15. Experiment and Explanation • Experiment and explanation are the heart of chemical research. • An experiment is an observation of natural phenomena carried out in a controlled manner so that the results can be duplicated and rational conclusions obtained. • After a series of experiments, a researcher may See some relationship or regularity in the results.

16. Experiment and Explanation • If the regularity or relationship is fundamental and we can state it simply, we call it a law. • A law is a concise statement or mathematical equation about a fundamental relationship or regularity of nature. • An example is the law of conservation of mass, which says that mass, or quantity of matter, remains constant during any chemical change.

17. Experiment and Explanation • Explanations help us organize knowledge and predict future events. • A hypothesis is a tentative explanation of some regularity of nature. • If a hypothesis successfully passes many tests, it becomes known as a theory. • A theory is a tested explanation of basic natural phenomena.

18. Experiment and Explanation • The general process of advancing scientific knowledge through observation, laws, hypotheses, or theories is called the scientific method.

19. The Scientific Method • Examples: • Pons and Fleishman, Univ. of Utah. • Horoscope • Weather. • Your Assignment: • Formulate a Problem. • Observe and collect Data. • Interpret Data. • Test your Interpretation.

20. Matter: Physical State andChemical Constitution • There are two principal ways of classifying matter: • By its physical state as a solid, liquid, or gas. • By its chemical constitution as an element, compound, or mixture.

21. Solids, Liquids, and Gases • Solid: the form of matter characterized by rigidity; a solid is relatively incompressible and has a fixed shape and volume. • Liquid: the form of matter that is a relatively incompressible fluid; liquid has a fixed volume but no fixed shape. • Gas: the form of matter that is an easily compressible fluid; a given quantity of gas will fit into a container of almost any size in shape.

22. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures • To understand how matter is classified by its chemical constitution we must first look at physical and chemical changes. • A physical change is a change in the form of matter but not in its chemical identity. • Physical changes are usually reversible. • No new compounds are formed during a physical change. • Melting ice is an example of a physical change.

23. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures (cont’d) • A chemical change, or chemical reaction, is a change in which one or more kinds of matter are transformed into a new kind of matter or several new kinds of matter. • Chemical changes are usually irreversible. • New compounds are formed during a chemical change. • The rusting of iron is an example of a chemical change.

24. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures (cont’d) • A physical property is a characteristic that can be observed for material without changing its chemical identity. • Examples are physical state (solid, liquid,or gas), melting point, and color. • A chemical property is a characteristic of a material involving its chemical change. • A chemical property of iron is its ability to react with oxygen to produce rust.

25. Classification of Matter Separate by Chemical Processes-burning-fermentation-rusting Separate by Physical Processes-filtering-distillation-centrifuging Matter Pure Substances Mixtures Elements(atoms) Compounds(molecules) Homogeneous(solutions) Heterogeneous(most things) Air Sodas Ocean Water Alcoholic drinks Granite Sand Wood Orange Juice Hydrogen Oxygen Copper Zinc Water Alcohol Sugar Salt

26. Separation by distillation.

27. Elements: sulfur, arsenic, iodine, magnesium, bismuth, mercury. Photo courtesy of American Color.

28. A mixture of potassium dichromate and iron fillings. Photo courtesy of James Scherer. Return to slide 15.

29. A magnet separates the iron filling from the mixture. Photo courtesy of James Scherer. Return to slide 15.

31. Chemistry and Measurement 1.5 Measurement and Significant Figures 1.6 SI Units 1.7 Derived Units 1.8 Units and Dimensional Analysis

32. Measurement and Significant Figures • Measurement is the comparison of a physical quantity to be measured with a unit of measurement -- that is, with a fixed standard of measurement. • The term precision refers to the closeness of the set of values obtained from identical measurements of a quantity. • Accuracy is a related term; it refers to the closeness of a single measurements to its true value.

33. Precision vs. Accuracy

34. Measurement and Significant Figures (cont’d) • To indicate the precision of a measured number (or result of calculations on measured numbers), we often use the concept of significant figures. • Significant figures are those digits in a measured number (or result of the calculation with a measured number) that include all certain digits plus a final one having some uncertainty.

35. Scientific Notation • Useful with very large and very small numbers. • Decimal always after first digit. • Use x 10n where n is the number of decimal places you must move the decimal to get it just after the first digit. • Positive exponents represent large numbers. 2,340,000,000,000,000 = 2.34 x 1015 • Negative exponents represent small numbers. 0.00000000000000234 = 2.34 x 10-15

36. Measurement Accuracy How long is this steel rod? There is no such thing as a totally accurate measurement!

37. Significant Figures • Numbers that measure or contribute to our accuracy. • The more significant figures we have the more accurate our measurement. • Significant figures are determined by our measurement device or technique.

38. Rules of Determining the Number of Significant Figures 1. All non-zero digits are significant. 234 = 3 sig figs 1.333 = 4 sig figs 1,234.2 = 5 sig figs 2. All zeros between non-zero digits are significant. 203 = 3 sig figs 1.003 = 4 sig figs 1,030.2 = 5 sig figs

39. Rules of Determining the Number of Significant Figures 3. All zeros to the right of the decimal and to the right of the last non-zero digit are significant. 2.30 = 3 sig figs 1.000 = 4 sig figs 3.4500 = 5 sig figs 4. All zeros to the left of the first non-zero digit are NOT significant. 0.0200 = 3 sig figs 0.1220 = 4 sig figs 0.000000012210 = 5 sig figs

40. Rules of Determining the Number of Significant Figures • Zeros to the right of the first non-zero digit and to the left of the decimal may or may not be significant. They must be written in scientific notation. 2300 = 2.3 x 103 or 2.30 x 103 or 2.300 x 103 2 sig figs 3 sig figs 4 sig figs

41. Rules of Determining the Number of Significant Figures 6. Some numbers have infinite significant figures or are exact numbers. 233 people 14 cats (unless in biology lab) 7 cars on the highway 36 schools in town

42. How many significant figures are in each of the following? 1) 23.34 4 significant figures 2) 21.003 5 significant figures 3) .0003030 4 significant figures 4) 210 2 or 3 significant figures 5) 200 students infinite significant figures 1, 2, 3, or 4 significant figures 6) 3000

43. Using Significant Figures in Calculations Addition and Subtraction • Line up the decimals. • Add or subtract. • Round of to first full column. 23.345 +14.5 + 0.523 = ? 23.345 14.5+ 0.523 38.368 = 38.4 or three significant fingures

44. Using Significant Figures in Calculations Multiplication and Division • Do the multiplication or division. • Round answer off to the same number of significant figures as the least number in the data. (23.345)(14.5)(0.523) = ? 177.0368075 = 177 or three significant figures

45. Measurement in Chemistry Length Mass Volume Time meter gram Liter second Km=1000m Kg=1000g KL=1000L 1min=60sec 100cm=1m 1000mg=1 g 1000mL=1L 60min=1hr 1000mm=1m SI System Foot pound gallon second British 12in=1ft 16oz=1 lb 4qt=1gal (same) 3ft=1yd 2000 lb=1 ton 2pts=1qt 5280ft=1mile

46. Table 1.5 Relationships of Some U.S. and Metric Units 1 L = 1.06 qt 1 lb = 454 g

47. Table 1.3 SI Prefixes

48. Units: Dimensional Analysis • In performing numerical calculations, it is good practice to associate units with each quantity. • The advantage of this approach is that the units for the answer will come out of the calculation. • And, if you make an error in arranging factors in the calculation, it will be apparent because the final units will be nonsense.

49. 103 g 103 mg 0.348 kg x x = 3.48 x 105 mg 1 kg 1 g Unit Conversion • Sodium hydrogen carbonate (baking soda) reacts with acidic materials such as vinegar to release carbon dioxide gas. Given an experiment calling for 0.348 kg of sodium hydrogen carbonate, express this mass in milligrams.

50. Units: Dimensional Analysis • Dimensional analysis (or the factor-label method) is the method of calculation in which one carries along the units for quantities. • Suppose you simply wish to convert 20 yards to feet. • Note that the units have cancelled properly to give the final unit of feet.