STATUS FULFILLMENT THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORKS (1)

STATUS FULFILLMENT THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORKS BY DARIO SIPOS

Abstract _____________________________ 3 Social differentiation through Hierarchal Systems _____________________ 3 Drawbacks of Hierarchal System Impact of Social Resources on Socioeconomic Status ___________________ 6 Meta-analysis for Defining Social Status_____ 7 Social Status in Relation to Personality traits _____________________________ 9 Socializing through Social Networking Environment __________________________ 9 Social Capital through Online Social Network Sites _________________________ 11 Social Well-Being through Social Networks_____________________________ 12 Impact of Online Social Networking Networking Leading to Career Development _____________________ 14 Psychosocial processes in relation to Social Status _____________________ 16 Framework for Social Economic Status Determination Social support through Social Networks_____ 20 Drawbacks of Social Networking Sites _____ 21 References _____________________ 22 TABLE OF CONTENTS _____ 5 _____ 13 _____________ 18 WEB SI T E: WWW. DA RI O SI P O S. C O M EMA I L : DA RI O @ DA RI O SI P O S. C OM STATUS FULFILLMENT THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORKS

Abstract STATUS FULFILLMENT THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORKS The essay focuses on the various aspects that determine the social status of individuals in a social setting. It highlights how the individuals living in society are categorized intentionally and unintentionally into different social positions and the negative side of this system. It focuses on analyzing the different variables that determine the social status of individuals through empirical and theoretical studies. Then it describes the impact of social networking platforms and their influence on the individual's social status and overall life. It sheds light on the positives and negatives of social networking using online platforms. The relationship between social-economic networking has been analyzed through various studies which show that the quality and the extent of social networks determine the social status of individuals living in different social settings. status and social SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION THROUGH HIERARCHAL SYSTEMS Social relations in organizations are shaped by hierarchies that are influenced by a number of practices in the organization and the culture. Various psychological and sociological factors play a role in creating differentiation among organizational hierarchies. Power and status are considered to be the differentiating factors of the hierarchal system of the organization. Power can be associated as the control at different levels of the hierarchy, while status tells how much an individual is valued in the organization and how the individual is perceived to be at any specific level of the hierarchy. WEBSITE: WWW.DARIOSIPOS.COM EMAIL: DARIO@DARIOSIPOS.COM Unequal distribution of resources and different positions at the levels of the hierarchy shape the system. There are different forms in which hierarchies exist and play their role in the formation of social relations. This system can be minimized by taking certain measures to reduce differentiation while it is inevitable that such a system does not exist. A study on the hierarchal system in the field of management showed that it has almost faded and is not given much importance; however, the

rigid organizational structures play a major role in shaping the organization's functions and practices (Dulebohn, 2005). STATUS FULFILLMENT THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORKS Hierarchal differentiation among different groups plays a major role in shaping social relations. The aim of the hierarchal system is to ensure smooth coordination among the members of the organization and to motivate the employees to work harder to achieve a better status in the hierarchy. Formation of hierarchies can be observed at an individual group level, organization level, and societal level where individuals are categorized in a particular order and are assigned different positions, which shows that there is differentiation created in them through higher and lower levels position. Another important factor that shapes the hierarchal system is the dimensions upon which the individuals are considered eligible to be placed at a certain level. Hierarchal systems in different settings and contexts can be differentiated depending on the dimensions that form them. Hierarchal systems can be either formal or informal. The formal systems can be observed in the organizational settings while the informal hierarchies develop unconsciously while working or interacting within groups. Formal hierarchies tend to be more centralized and rigid, and since they play an important role in shaping the organizational structure and its overall functioning so introducing any change in the hierarchal system can incur costs for the organization. On the other hand, informal hierarchies develop among groups when social interactions occur among them, and there is a non-verbal behavior that develops the hierarchy. For example, if we consider the dimension of social resources, then the individual with more resources (like knowledge) tends to dominate the group, which happens very subtly. The concept of formal and informal hierarchies shows that individuals are a part of hierarchies while working in an organizational environment and even in their informal social interactions. WEBSITE: WWW.DARIOSIPOS.COM EMAIL: DARIO@DARIOSIPOS.COM The order and coordination achieved through hierarchal systems make it appealing if we view it from a psychological point of view. In order to prosper and sustain in the highly competitive world, the hierarchal systems make significant contributions (Heider, 1982).

The two important dimensions that play an important role in creating hierarchal differentiation in developing a hierarchal system include status and power. Initially, the dimensions of the hierarchal systems were based on attention and influence to define the social status individually, which created unnecessary dimensions could not lead to a consistent way of defining the social status and had some drawbacks so the concept of hierarchies was clarified by considering the dimensions of social status and power, and results were drawn that provided a better understanding of the concept of hierarchies. STATUS FULFILLMENT THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORKS complications. These The belief system that forms hierarchies is based on social dominance and the system development theories, which explain the attitudes and beliefs. The predictions upon which these theories are based are the same, while the approaches adopted by them to describe the high and low ranking are different. Although status and power seem to be good measures in defining the hierarchal system, it does not account for the external factors that can impact inconsistencies in defining the system (Magee, 2008). the system, which leads to DRAWBACKS OF HIERARCHAL SYSTEM Some of the inconsistencies in the system were highlighted by (Frank, 1985) when he considered the local and global status relatively. In his study, it was found that if we consider employment opportunities for an individual, then status can be chosen by itself if options are available. For example, a local job opportunity might offer a higher status, while a global job opportunity may offer low status but high chances of growth. So in such kinds of scenarios, the individual can trade-off among the options and attain the status of choice. Considering the external factors, there are inconsistencies that arise in the social hierarchy systems, so the question arises that whether social status is assigned to individuals or they have a choice in attaining the status of their choice. Within the organizations, it can be observed that status and power are provided to an individual at their level in the hierarchy while the consideration of holistic picture shows that there are points where an individual has an option to choose the status they want. This shows that WEBSITE: WWW.DARIOSIPOS.COM EMAIL: DARIO@DARIOSIPOS.COM

social hierarchies can be viewed from a number of different aspects and can provide different frameworks for determining the social status of an individual. STATUS FULFILLMENT THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORKS IMPACT OF SOCIAL RESOURCES ON SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS Considering networks as social resources and finding its relation with the socioeconomic status, it was found that there is a positive relationship between the two. The argument on social networks was build that considers the networks to be a means for streamlining the information flow and enables linkages with influential people as well as unlocks the various opportunities through connections. The range and composition of the networks are critical factors that play a significant role in defining social networks as social resources. The information about an individual or group and the access to it is described in terms of range, while composition describes the locality where the individuals or group resides. Using the factors of range and composition, a study was conducted to find the relation between social resources and social relations. The data was collected from the stratified respondents selected for this purpose was from 50 localities, and each had about 1050 samples of individuals through a multistage probability sampling technique. Through various questions, their information about their contacts was collected from them. sample, and the number of WEBSITE: WWW.DARIOSIPOS.COM EMAIL: DARIO@DARIOSIPOS.COM The results drawn from the study showed the socioeconomic status of an individual was positively related characteristics. The factors of income and education were used as determinants of socioeconomic status and were correlated with network complexity, diversity, and size. A positive relation was found between these variables. The conclusion that can be drawn from this is that social resources can be determined by measuring the network strength through variables associated with range and composition (Campbell, 1986). to composition and range

STATUS FULFILLMENT THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORKS META-ANALYSIS FOR DEFINING SOCIAL STATUS In developmental psychology, the process of human development is described by how an individual makes efforts to attain stability and independence in life, along with maintaining good social relations with the people. The fulfillment of goals and attaining high socioeconomic status determine the success of an individual (Erikson, 1959). The results revealed by a number of studies show that social status and social networks have a positive relationship with social well-being. However, there has been a little inconsistency in different works due to the differences in methodologies and consideration of the variables chosen for particular samples. The socio-economic status of an individual can be defined by the level of education, occupational status, and income. These elements are also related to the social well-being of individuals, which leads to the result that the higher the socio-economic status of an individual, the higher would be the social well-being. This conclusion was drawn after conducting empirical analysis and individuals with more accomplishments, better living conditions, and good job appraisals scored high on social wellbeing. theoretical analysis that the Considering the factor of social wellbeing and its relation with the social network, it was found that at some places, the networks played a supportive role while at the others they were creating stress in the individual's life. WEBSITE: WWW.DARIOSIPOS.COM EMAIL: DARIO@DARIOSIPOS.COM A lot of debate about the quality and the number of social relations can be found in the literature. Some interesting findings show that the factor of quality interaction is more valuable for older people than the number of actors in the network. While opposite results were observed in some other studies where the number of individuals in the social network mattered more. A deeper analysis of the impact of social networks on the social wellbeing of the individual showed that networks having quality relationships with positive individuals resulted in higher social

wellbeing. While the relationships with low-quality networks or negative people adversely affected the individual's social wellbeing. Thus these results showed that the quality of social relations within the social network can have an impact on individual social wellbeing (Pinquart, 2000). STATUS FULFILLMENT THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORKS The debate of the above results was validated by testing it by the meta- analysis procedure that was presented by (Rosenthal, 1994) which provided a framework to integrate the statistical findings. The five-step process that was followed for the validation of hypotheses includes: • Transformation of correlations using Fischer's r to z transformation; • The calculation of mean weighted by sample size followed by conversion of mean effect sizes into an actual metric of product- moment relations; • Calculation of significance the mean effect size had and normal z distribution computation by taking the sum of weighted z values and dividing it by square root of sample size; • Conducting the chi-square analysis to check homogeneity and heterogeneity; • Analysis of the hypotheses and the conclusion of results. The findings presented by the meta-analysis showed that higher social well bring was found in the sample of older people who had a good economic status, strong social network, and competence. When gender was considered in relation to social wellbeing, it was found that men with high socioeconomic status had more social wellbeing than women, while it was found the women had more social wellbeing than men when they had a good social network. WEBSITE: WWW.DARIOSIPOS.COM EMAIL: DARIO@DARIOSIPOS.COM With respect to the age of individuals, the young-old people considered socioeconomic status an important factor for their social wellbeing. However, through this study, it was found that variability in the sample or changes in the measures had an impact on the overall conclusions. So the results hold true in the case of specific samples as mentioned and on testing of the particular variables.

STATUS FULFILLMENT THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIAL STATUS IN RELATION TO PERSONALITY TRAITS Achieving a respectable status in society is considered to be one of the important aims in one's life, which is a result of the social networks that are developed through the social life of an individual. The social status of an individual can be determined by the respect that an individual gains in the social group or through the influence that an individual has which gains attention towards a person. Through research, it has been found the individual's emotions, social wellbeing, and social cognition are influenced by the status in society. One important thing to consider about status is that in some cases, it's not measured by the individual itself, it is dedicated to the person by the group or social network that the individual has through their judgment and analysis of the person's position. So in order to understand how people perceive someone to have high or low status, we need to understand how people consider certain factors and, on their basis, assign status to someone. consideration, an experiment was conducted on individuals in which they were supposed to give peer reviews. The aim of the study was to understand how the personality traits of an individual have an impact on their social status. It was found that status differentiation among individuals was created due to their attractiveness and personality traits (Anderson, 2001). Taking this factor into WEBSITE: WWW.DARIOSIPOS.COM SOCIALIZING THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORKING ENVIRONMENT EMAIL: DARIO@DARIOSIPOS.COM Social media plays an important role in shaping an individual's social network and socializing. Social networking sites like Facebook have played an important role in building social networks, and it is found more popular among youngsters. A web survey conducted on college students revealed that their reasons for joining Facebook groups were to have entertainment, developing a social network, attain a good social status and get information through their online interactions. Slight changes in the results of the survey were observed with the changes in demographic factors like the year in school, home town, and gender (Valenzuela, 2008).

Among other Facebook features, the Facebook group feature plays an important role in defining social interactions and social networks. This group feature provides access to a number of people and sharing of information very conveniently, and it seems to be an important source of social networking. The Facebook groups provide access to a number of people and enable information access, which might not be possible otherwise. This increases the engagement and social involvement of people in the groups. STATUS FULFILLMENT THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORKS Social networking sites play a major role in building social contacts, fulfill social needs, and create community bonding. Other features like a personal messaging feature of Facebook usually enable one on one communication and didn't enable much involvement of individuals. However, the group feature plays an important role in bringing people together by providing discussion platforms, meetings, and events. A close association was found between joining groups and the satisfaction of social as well as personal needs. It was found that the engagement within the communities strengthened by connecting well with each other. One of the factors that are important to understand is the thing that drives the need for having a social connection through social networking sites. The motivation among the college students that brought them closer to each other and made them join Facebook groups was the similarity in their interests. The social interests of people, as well as their satisfaction, were found to be important factors in making them use social networking sites. Also, the impact of demographics in relation to the user's interests was also studied that revealed that the school-going students were keener to have information about the activities occurring on campus as well as outside the premises of the campus. Some of the reasons that kept them engaged with the Facebook groups include the pressure by their peers and they want to keep up with the trends through the updates from the groups on Facebook. The study revealed that students with more satisfaction in life and social trust participated more in social groups (Park, 2009). WEBSITE: WWW.DARIOSIPOS.COM EMAIL: DARIO@DARIOSIPOS.COM

STATUS FULFILLMENT THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIAL CAPITAL THROUGH ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORK SITES Facebook is considered one of the popular social networking sites that helps in forming and maintaining social capital. Social networking sites not only help in maintaining social networks but also give a chance to interact with new people and form linkages with them. Facebook profiles provide individuals a chance to represent themselves so that their friends can view them and know about them. It is one of the frequently used social networking sites, therefore, is of major interests for the researchers as it enables them to have a better track of the individual's trends and the way individual in interacting with others which is a very effective way to determine the social networking of an individual. An important factor that has been highlighted by one of the studies is that weather the social relations built online do prove as an offline social network or not. When this was tested on a sample college student, it was found that a significant number of their social capital was a result of their social network (Hampton, 2002). Social capital can be explained in terms of the social resources that an individual develops with time, which can be attained through the social networks that develop through different channels. The relationship of an individual within the social networks defines the level of social capital an individual possesses. A number of positive impacts of social capital were found through research that showed the good social relations resulted in wellbeing and better health of individuals, the financial markets function improved, and the crime rate was also lowered due to strengthened relations. WEBSITE: WWW.DARIOSIPOS.COM EMAIL: DARIO@DARIOSIPOS.COM Lack of social capital among individuals is one of the reasons for creating social disorder and disturbance in the communities leading to decreased participation in the communities due to the lack of interest among the individuals. More commitment can be ensured within the community as well as the participation of individuals to make collective efforts for the betterment of the community if the social capital is increased. Generally, it has been proven that social capital has more positive effects as compared to negative effects. It builds strong

communication and trust among the individuals that can result in the exchange of capital like information and opportunities with each other. STATUS FULFILLMENT THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORKS Through various studies on social capital, researchers have found that psychological wellbeing is closely related to social capital. Individuals with good social capital seem contentment towards life. Along with emotional support and sharing of useful information, it has been found that social capital can also result in building a change of perspective among individuals through social interactions on various platforms. However, the strength and value of social relations are what matters the most to have maximum benefit from the social capital. It is also really very important to maintain social capital by using platforms that are easily available and can enable access to others within the social circle. to have more self-esteem and One of the important resources that can be useful in maintaining social relations is the internet. However, there are some points where it can have negative results if not managed properly. It has been found that it reduces the face to face interactions, which can lead to the weakening of social ties. There has been some criticism from this perspective as well; according to it, the role of online interaction plays an important role in supplementing in-person interactions. Social ties are believed to be maintained more easily and cheaply through the use of social networking sites rather than in-person interactions. The use of internet technologies has enabled individuals interactions. This makes it possible for them to form new networks while maintaining the previous ones. Abandoning the previous social ties for the sake of forming new ones can result in loss of social capital, therefore, the use of social networking sites like Facebook can be an important source for maintaining the previous relations, strengthening the existing one and forming new social networks (Ellison, 2007). to maintain their social WEBSITE: WWW.DARIOSIPOS.COM EMAIL: DARIO@DARIOSIPOS.COM SOCIAL WELL-BEING THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORKS Direct communication through Facebook with friends has been found to be an important determinant of increasing the self-esteem of an individual and reducing the loneliness among the individuals due to

better connection. Distant relationships can be conveniently maintained through social networks. Although on the one hand, the interactions on Facebook prove to an important source to reduce loneliness. On the other hand, it has also been found that the reverse effect on social interactions on social networking sites can be depression among individuals if the relationships are not healthy. Depression can also be observed among individuals due to low-quality content and if they are not connecting well with friends. Researchers also define these hurdles as noise that acts as a barrier between the individuals to interact with each other (Burke, 2010) . STATUS FULFILLMENT THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORKS IMPACT OF ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING Networking through on social sites is one of the increasingly used to maintain virtual connections that individuals form to maintain their personal and professional connections. Depression was found to be present in individuals that are deeply indulged in socialization through online platforms. Also, it was found that usage over a longer period of time can dissociate them from the occupational environment. The quality of the social networks proved to be an important determinant of whether the individual would face depression or not. Quality social relationships resulted in less depression compared to those who had poor quality social relations. among individuals as Along with the quality of relationships or interactions, the frequency or the time spent on Facebook also determined the level of depression among the individuals. Social comparisons resulting from efficient social connections also resulted in depression among the individuals, which was found to have various detrimental effects on the wellbeing of the individuals (Gallo, 2003). WEBSITE: WWW.DARIOSIPOS.COM EMAIL: DARIO@DARIOSIPOS.COM The results of social networking can not only be categorized as negative only because, at some points, they have a positive impact also, so generalizing it totally would not be correct. In some cases, social networking has also been found to manage depression, so risk factors should be navigated to get more benefits from online social networks.

There has been some variability in the results due to the diversity of online social platforms available to the users. STATUS FULFILLMENT THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORKS These diverse social media platforms make it a bit complex to analyze their role in bringing a positive or negative impact on the life of users. In the case of some social media platforms, it has been found that they positively influence the social network and individual needs of the users, while for others, it has been found that their use has a negative impact on the individual's wellbeing. Various studies have been conducted by varying different variables like type of social network platform being used, quality of relationship among the individuals, and the time spent by each user on the social networking sites. Due to varying factors, it has been found that under some circumstances, the correlation was positive while in others, it was negative. Considering social platform as the means of strengthening social networks, it has been proven through empirical and theoretical analysis that it plays a strengthening role in attaining social capital; however, its influence on the individual can be either positive or negative both (Baker, 2016). NETWORKING LEADING TO CAREER DEVELOPMENT Career development in academia was studied in relation to social networking, and to conduct the study on a sample of Malaysian women working in academia was selected. The relation between career mobility and the role of social networking was studied. WEBSITE: WWW.DARIOSIPOS.COM EMAIL: DARIO@DARIOSIPOS.COM Social networking plays an important role if individual aims to succeed in a career. However, the quality of social relations is very important; otherwise, the consequences can be reversed. So knowing the right people and building and maintaining connections with them is what shapes a quality social network. While working in an organization, a quality network can also be a source of professional development as well as power within the organization. While working in academia, it is very important to keep up with the literature, which requires a lot of effort and is a challenging task to do, so to keep up with these things

and Connecting with scholars around the world can be a very important source of their career development as well as social capital (Brass, 1992), (Maack, 1993). stay updated, social networking plays an important role. STATUS FULFILLMENT THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORKS The improved communication among academic institutions due to globalization has resulted in improved access to information, which has become an important source of forming broad social networks. Academic growth and success are possible through active global and local social networks. The three-fold dimensions of the operations in academia, which include research, teaching, and offering services for the institute, make it quite a challenging job for them, and along with the improved communication globally and locally, they have to focus on developing quality social networks as well. The theories that have been used to describe career development and its relation to social networking include the human capital theory and social capital theory. The aim of these theories is to describe the factors and ways through which an individual can gain success in a career. To get a positive response and power in an organization through efficiency and effectiveness, it is important to invest in human capital. Social capital is a good way to attain a quality social network through which individuals can have individual as well as shared benefits due to improved communication and coordination. To succeed upwards in the organizational hierarchy, social networks, along with efforts, are important elements. WEBSITE: WWW.DARIOSIPOS.COM EMAIL: DARIO@DARIOSIPOS.COM Quality networks can be built in academia if the right people who belong to your field and area of study are the ones you connect with. Individuals working in academia need to make sure that they stay updated with the new innovations and development by exploring research works so that they can upgrade their course content accordingly. Updated content for the course material is an important source to keep the students engaged, so they would be able to relate well with the course content (Ismail, 2007).

(Ethier, 2003) presented the idea of a network in terms of a map that has different units interconnected with each other either in one direction or in a bi-directional way to form interconnections between the units. According to his view, this kind of representation can be a way to analyze an individual's social capital and to figure out what are the possessions of an individual placed in different positions of the network. He believed that a good social network can be a good way to attain resources from the individuals residing in the social network. STATUS FULFILLMENT THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORKS Professional networking in academia is about forming connections as well as interaction with scholars of the same field or related fields. It can be a very effective way to progress as it enables the creation of shared value for both parties. In academia, if an individual manages to form social connections globally, then collaborations, recognition, and support from professionals in the form of mentoring. there is a high chance of Networking in the professional world is not only about initiating contacts, but it also demands maintaining the relationships by reciprocating a good attitude. The concept presented by the human and social capital theory emphasizes the same point. Therefore, it can be said that career development in academia is highly dependent on forming quality networks to attain a higher status. PSYCHOSOCIAL PROCESSES IN RELATION TO SOCIAL STATUS WEBSITE: WWW.DARIOSIPOS.COM The social status of an individual is found to have a close relationship with health, and through studies, a direct link between the two variables has been proved, which means individuals with high socioeconomic status can enjoy good health as compared to the ones with low socioeconomic status. The extent up to which it can possibly have an impact on health is where the gap in the study lies because there have been variations in the individuals in this respect. For short periods of time, the impact of the socio-economic status on the heal of the individual is not that detrimental, however, if it prolongs, then over the years, there is a chance that the impact on the health can be negative. The impact of socio-economic status on health does not seem to be very obvious, but it has indirect effects on the health of the individuals (McEwen, 1998). EMAIL: DARIO@DARIOSIPOS.COM

The social position of an individual can be described in terms of various aspects like income, occupation, health, education, etc. and it seems that each of the factors interchangeably has an impact on each other. The relationship of all these variables is more or less the same when tested on samples of different populations. STATUS FULFILLMENT THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORKS There are a number of diseases that are reported among the people who are struggling to have a respectable Socioeconomic status does not prove to be the direct cause of such diseases but an indirect factor that leads to such diseases. This happens because individuals who suffer from socioeconomic status face stress and challenges from the external environment and the impact of the reactivity of all that stress results be one of the causes of diseases. social status in society. The socioeconomic resources of an individual also play an important role in determining the individual's lifestyle, and the challenges faced. Those with low resources tend to struggle with their life while the ones who have enough social resources face fewer challenges. So the external environment for individuals with good socioeconomic status proves to be of help, but in the case of the individuals who have low socioeconomic status, it becomes a hard struggle for them to survive in an environment with challenges. The external environment of an individual has an impact on the psychological processes of an individual, which has a very direct impact on the biological functioning of individuals. There is another stage that lies between the psychological processes and the detrimental health impacts on the individuals, which is the changes in the behavior of the individuals. As already mentioned that the health of the individual is affected if low socioeconomic status or struggle to have social capital is prolonged over a period of time, so during the period when the individual faces challenges there are changes in the behavior of an individual that first start to develop before the damage to health occurs (Adler, 2003). WEBSITE: WWW.DARIOSIPOS.COM EMAIL: DARIO@DARIOSIPOS.COM To cope up with the psychological and health issues of the individuals facing the issues and challenges due to socio-economic status, it is important to understand that the basic psychological needs of the individuals.

The psychological needs of an individual can be studied through different dimensions like cultural, interpersonal, and institutional contexts. Self-determination theory considers relatedness, competence, and autonomy as the theory necessary factors that that play an important role to fulfill the psychological needs of the individuals. It has all been found that these three factors have a positive impact on the health of individuals. Few health issues are reported among individuals who have high levels of competence, autonomy, and relatedness. STATUS FULFILLMENT THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORKS While determining the relation of need fulfillment with socioeconomic status and health, it was found that the need of individuals varies. The individuals positioned at the low level of the social hierarchy might have fewer needs as compared to the ones who are at the higher levels of hierarchy. So the need of individuals cannot be generalized in a social setting. Health was negatively impacted in the case of the individuals at the lower levels of the hierarchy with low income (Di Domenico, 2014). FRAMEWORK FOR SOCIAL ECONOMIC STATUS DETERMINATION The social status of individuals has been measured using different frameworks that considered different variables to explain the level of the social status of an individual within a social network. For sociologists, it has always been a challenge to determine and define the social status of individuals. Many methodologies and frameworks have been devised by them to describe the social status of an individual in a particular social setting. However, the has been no consensus on any of the methodologies adopted for the purpose of defining the social status. WEBSITE: WWW.DARIOSIPOS.COM EMAIL: DARIO@DARIOSIPOS.COM To come up with a framework, an index method was developed that considered certain variables that could define the social status of individuals. The factors included residence area, occupation, and education. And to analyze these factors a sample of an urbanized area of New Haven was taken into consideration for collecting some data. The correlation between the variables by drawn by linking them with the socio-economic status of the individual. The results showed that residence area had a very little impact on the socioeconomic status of an individual while occupation and education played a significant role in determining the social status of individuals according to the results of the study.

So the factor of the area of residence was dropped while developing the framework to calculate the social status of the individual. As a result of this study, the 2-factor index was developed that considered the factors of occupation and education important for defining the status of an individual within s particular social setting (Haug, 1973). STATUS FULFILLMENT THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORKS However, this 2-factor index system could not hold for long and the need for revision aroused when different social and cultural settings were studied. The revisions resulted in the development of the 4-factor index system for the determination of the social status of the individuals that considered 4 determining factors of the social status of an individual. This system considered social status to be a multi- dimensional concept. The assumptions upon which this system was devised include: there is an inequality in our social settings that creates differentiation among the individuals, personal relationships and the occupation of an individual resulting from the years at school plays a primary role in the status determination and the combination of different factors can be a source of finding the social standing of the individual. The 4 factors that this system considers to define the social status of the individual include occupation, education, sex, and marital status. Education can be gained by individuals at different levels in the different stages of life and plays an important role in shaping the individual's life journey. The outcome of the education can be described in terms of the individual's occupation. The efforts that result from the years spent while getting education result in an occupation that may be unstable during the initial years of the career while it is expected to mature and gain stability with years of struggle. The sex of the individual also defines the role of an individual in a particular social and cultural setting so it also acts as a determinant of social status. Lastly, marital status also plays an important factor while analyzing the social status of an individual. It basically defines the relationship that exists between the two genders in any geographical setting. It is considered an important factor as it describes how the individuals of a family contribute and make efforts for their survival. Basically, the financial system of the house is shaped by how different members of the house make efforts and contribute towards the expenses and investments (Hollingshead, 1975). WEBSITE: WWW.DARIOSIPOS.COM EMAIL: DARIO@DARIOSIPOS.COM

This 4 index system provides further categories for each of the factors and studies individuals' settings on a deeper level on this scale to see their respective position in the society as compared to the others. Scores are assigned to each of the extended factors and are then summed up to find the total score of an individual which is used to define the individual's social status within a particular social setting. The score analysis of individuals can be used to define the different hierarchal positions that informally develop in society due to variations in the 4 factors mentioned by the system. The individuals that lie on the base of the hierarchy can be assigned a low score, which means lie social status, and for the ones with higher scores, the top position of the hierarchy can be given to the ones with the high scores on the index. In this way, this system can prove to be a helpful source for the determination of social status (Hollingshead, 1975). STATUS FULFILLMENT THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIAL SUPPORT THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORKS Poverty creates the differentiation among the individual living in a social setting and influences the life of individuals negatively due to deprivation from the basic as well as the social resources. The academic performance of the students that lacked the basic resources and needs was found to be low as compared to the other students. Racial and ethnic minorities face major challenges due to the lack of the social resources that they are provided with for their survival. Support within a social setting defines the behavior of other people that lie within the social network. It could be both: personal as well as professional social network of the individual. The support from the people within the social network of the individuals plays an important role in the life of the individual in coping up with life challenges, the support could be in the form of financial, informational, or emotional form. It can play an important role in tackling life problems. The sources of getting support in a social network include the people who are linked with the individual at a personal and professional level so it can be family members, friends, colleagues, etc. (Lemerise, 1997). WEBSITE: WWW.DARIOSIPOS.COM EMAIL: DARIO@DARIOSIPOS.COM

Students having low support in academic matters were found to show poor academic performance as compared to the students that got more support and attention. To have a good academic performance, social support plays an important role, while if it is not provided to an individual at a personal and professional level, then the consequences can have a direct impact on the grades of an individual. So the results drawn from the study showed that social support and poverty are factors that can have an influence on the academic performance of the individual. Low socioeconomic status is faced by those who have low social support and those who face poverty. Student's performance can be impacted by these factors resulting in low socioeconomic status. This is one of the attention-grabbing relations for the psychologists that work for student therapy and also for the counselors who work hard to figure out how the student performance can be improved and good academic results can be obtained (Malecki, 2006). STATUS FULFILLMENT THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORKS DRAWBACKS OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES Although social networking using social networking sites proves to be a convenient way to gain social resources in these current times. It can help an individual to build a social network in a short period of time due to better access and easy communication. Also, it has been found through various studies that the quality social networks developed on social networking prove to be an important source of status attainment by an individual. However, the long-term impact of the improper use of different social networking sites can also have a negative impact on the individual's life. The addiction that an individual develops with time can result in many disadvantages that can adversely impact the individual. The relationship and behaviors of the users of social media can be impacted negatively if they totally rely on their online social networks. WEBSITE: WWW.DARIOSIPOS.COM EMAIL: DARIO@DARIOSIPOS.COM Social networking platforms can very efficiently connect people living locally as well as globally through virtual communication. The online networking platforms define the individual's interest as also the activities. The profile feature contains a lot of personal and professional information that the individual reveals.

The privacy of an individual can be affected if the socializing platform uses it against the individual or is in case hacked by any individual. Through various studies, it has been seen that it is easier to shape the interests of teenagers through social media because they are immature. In the case of adults, employers mostly require data in an online form to maintain their database. For professionals, it is really important to be careful about what activities they have on their social media platforms because, up to some extent, it has an impact on their career mobility if any inappropriate information is revealed from their side. The privacy concerns of individuals on social media act as a threat to networking on online platforms (Mooney, 2009). STATUS FULFILLMENT THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORKS The use of social networking sites above the normal limit can be very dangerous for the physical and mental health of individuals. Those individuals who totally rely on online social networks and no face-to- face interactions suffer due to health issues so excess use over an extended period of time has negative consequences. People find it easier to connect and communicate virtually, so they try to save their time through online networking, ignoring the impact on their health. The productivity of the individual is reported to decline if they work for long periods on online platforms. Addiction disorder has also been reported among individuals who are highly reliant on social media for their entertainment. The excessive use of social networking platforms and information sharing over them has been proved to be an important source for cybercriminals. Fake profiles over these platforms have impacted the relationships of many people. All these negative outcomes of the excessive use of social networking sites are what individuals should be aware of if they aim to attain a respectable social status through social networking (Das, 2011). WEBSITE: WWW.DARIOSIPOS.COM EMAIL: DARIO@DARIOSIPOS.COM

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