Haiti

1. Haiti 1492-1934

2. SLOS Student Learning Outcomes: •      Use knowledge of global events and trends since 1500 to shed light on contemporary issues Instructional Objectives • Describe interactions and influences between civilizations and non-urban societies • Analyze cause-and-effect relationships in history, including variables such as the “great person”, technological change, outside influences and demographic change

4. Historically, West Africa is associated with the slave, gold and ivory trades • West Africa is also the place of origin of voodoo, the only indigenous African religion to survive the trans-Atlantic slave trade and remain in practice in the Americas today.

5. Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, English and French slave traders worked with the Dahomey and Ashanti (located in what is now Benin and Ghana), where slave ports at Ouidah and Elmina flourished, • They accumulated enormous wealth and power as a result of the trade of their fellow Africans. • The Caribbean is a significant place in the triangular trade

6. The Caribbean is the epicenter of world Rum production. Virtually every major island group produces its own distinct Rum style. • Rum is a historical legacy of the colonial period

7. Haiti • December 5, 1492: Columbus discovers Haiti (the island of Hispaniola) • 1697: The Spaniards cede the western third of Hispaniola to the French crown at the Treaty of Ryswick. • Haiti is now called "Saint Domingue"

8. tortuga

9. Tortuga Small island off Haiti • In 1640 the buccaneers of Tortuga began calling themselves the Brethren of the Coast. • The population of pirates and privateers on Tortuga consisted of a mix of most Europeans, but the largest parts were French and English. • The French governor imported several hundred prostitutes round 1650 to curb homosexual unions known as matelotage

10. Captain Morgan

11. In 1666 Henry Morgan arrives on Tortuga and goes on to become one of the most famous “Pirates of the Caribbean” • Henry Morgan leads 500 Tortuga buccaneers and 1000 Jamaica buccaneers in 1670 and attacks/ plunders Santa Marta, Rio de la Hacha, Puerto Bello and Panama. • In 1684 the Treaty of Ratisbone, between France and Spain, was signed which suppressed the actions of the buccaneers • 1688, Henry Morgan dies in Jamaica.

12. Back to Haiti

13. 1697-1791: Saint Domingue becomes the richest colony in the world based on slaves, sugar cane and rum for the triangle trade. • The capital, Cap Français, is known as the Paris of the New World. • A regime of extraordinary cruelty; the 500,000 slaves taken by the French are flogged, starved, and buried alive for minor offenses. • The Sugar Cane Plantations were brutal and most slaves died. Owners believed cheaper to import rather than provide basic support based on rum production needs.

14. August 1791: the first major black rebellion takes place, initiated by Boukman, a voodoo houngan. • This begins the markings of civil war between the African dominated north and the mulatto (mixed) dominated south.

15. 1796: Toussaint L'Ouverture, an educated herb doctor and military man, emerges as the leader of the former slaves in the north. • He restored order, ended the massacres, and restored some of Saint Domingue's former prosperity.

16. 1801: Napoleon Bonaparte sends an army of 34,000 break the slave armies and retake the colony for France; this mission was unsuccessful. • The leader of the army Leclerc ultimately had Toussaint L'Ouverture seized and deported to France. He died within a year.

17. May 1802: Convention in Paris reintroduces slavery, which brings on more rebellions and massacres.

18. January 1804: Jean Jacques Dessalines proclaimed the independent black Republic of Haiti in the northern half of the island. • Dessalines was unpopular with the mulattos and was assassinated in 1806. His death led to civil war again between the south (under General Petion) and the north (under Henry Christophe).

19. 1843 to 1915: Haiti sees 22 heads of state, most of whom leave office by violent means. Rivalry continues among the whites, the mulatto elite, and the blacks.

20. 1820: Henry Christophe a tyrannical ruler who crowned himself "king", and built a palace and citadel (at Cap Haitien in the north) at great cost to Haitian lives commits suicide. • At his death Haiti was taken over by General Boyer, and civil war ceased. Boyer obtained official Haitian independence from France at the price of 150 million French francs.

21. 1915: President Guillaume Sam is dismembered and the Americans invade the country and remain for 19 years. The Haitian population rejects American leadership • 1934: The Americans leave Haiti, which is began to prosper once again.