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The Faculties of Classical Rhetoric

Invention (L. inventio ; Gr. heuresis ) Arrangement (L. dispositio ; Gr. taxis ) Style (L. elocutia ; Gr. lexis ). Memory (L. memoria ; Gr. mneme ) Delivery (L. actio ; Gr. hypocrisis ). The Faculties of Classical Rhetoric. Aristotle’s View of Rhetoric.

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The Faculties of Classical Rhetoric

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  1. Invention (L. inventio; Gr. heuresis) Arrangement (L. dispositio; Gr. taxis) Style (L. elocutia; Gr. lexis) Memory (L. memoria; Gr. mneme) Delivery (L. actio; Gr. hypocrisis) The Faculties of Classical Rhetoric

  2. Aristotle’s View of Rhetoric • Rhetoric is the ability, in each particular case, to see the available means of persuasion. • A speech situation consists of a speaker, a subject, and an audience. The audience is either judge or spectator. • The three kinds of speeches are legislative, judicial, and epideictic.

  3. Aristotle’s Artistic Proofs Aristotle’s “means of effecting persuasion”: • ethos--ethical proof, in which the orator establishes a credible character or persona; • logos--logical proof, contained in the words themselves; • pathos--pathetic proof, which appeals to the sympathies or interests of the audience

  4. Definitions of Rhetoric • Rhetoric is a primarily verbal, situationally contingent, epistemic art that is both philosophical and practical and gives rise to potentially active texts. (Covino & Jolliffe) • Rhetoric is the global art that develops theories concerning, and studies the manifestations of, all human discourse, not just persuasion. (Winterowd)

  5. Aristotle’s Definition of Style • It is not enough to have a supply of things to say, but it is also necessary to say it in the right way. • Let the virtue of style be defined as “to be clear” . . . And neither flat nor above the dignity of the subject, but appropriate. • Authors should compose without being noticed and should seem to speak not artificially but naturally. (Rhetorica)

  6. Cicero’s Qualities of Style • Correctness • Clarity • Appropriateness (suiting the style to the audience and the occasion) • Ornament (use of figures of speech, including tropes and schemes) (De Oratore)

  7. Turgidity (bombastic, theatrical notions and images) Puerility (words overelaborate to express inferior ideas) Parenthyrsos (overdone, artifical emotional tone) Frigidity (expressions unworthy of the thought) Longinus on Vices of Style

  8. Vigor and nobility of mind strong and inspired emotion the right use of figures Noble diction (including metaphors and neologisms) the arrangement of words (On the Sublime) Longinus’s Sources or Causes of Great Writing

  9. “Characters”or Kinds of Style, principally three: Grand Middle Low (See Cicero, Quintilian, Augustine) One Ideal Form of Style with such qualities as: clarity grandeur beauty vigor ethos verity gravity Two Classical Traditions of Style

  10. Demetrius on Style • The Plain Style • The Grand Style • The Elegant Style • The Forceful Style All other styles are combinations of these.

  11. Perspicuity (appeals to the understanding) Vivacity (appeals to the imagination) Elegance Animation (agitates the passions; sublime) Music Usage should be: reputable (based on language of best writers and speakers) national (excluding foreign expressions) present (excluding archaisms) George Campbell (1776)The Rhetorical Qualities of Style

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