Section 2 The Influence of the Building Envelope on modifying the external climate Buildings are modifiers of climate .

1. Section 2 The Influence of the Building Envelope on modifying the external climate • Buildings are modifiers of climate. • Vernacular solutions to varying local climatic conditions • Other important factors associated with site planning and building design • The need to service buildings

2. Buildings are modifiers of climate.

7. Vernacular solutions to varying local climatic conditions

10. Other important factors associated with site planning and building design • Orientation • Building shape • Heat losses and gains

11. Orientation

12. Orientation

13. Orientation

14. Orientation

15. Orientation

16. Orientation

17. Building Shape

18. Building Shape

19. Building Shape

20. Heat Losses from buildings • Transmission Losses • Exfiltration and Infiltration

21. Sensible Heat Gains Solar Gains Transmission gains Infiltration Latent Heat Gains Infiltration External Sources of Heat Gain to Buildings

22. Sensible Heat Gains People Lighting Electrical Equipment Latent Heat Gains People Processes Internal Sources of Heat Gains

23. The need to service buildings

24. With small buildings the main problem is generally keeping them warm in winter

25. With large buildings the main problem tends to be keeping them cool in summer

26. In addition for the need to provide Heating and cooling, other systems also need to be provided to ensure the comfort and well being of people in buildings • Ventilation • Water • Electricity • Gas • Drainage