Parts of Speech

1. Parts of Speech and Functions of Words

2. Part of Speech: NOUN • Nouns name • Person • Place • Thing • Abstraction • Idea • Emotion • Kinds of nouns • Common • Proper

3. Function of NOUN in Sentence • Subject: • Jack jumped over the candlestick. • Direct object: • Mary had a little lamb. • Jack sent Mary an invitation. • Indirect object: • Jack sent Mary an invitation. • Object of the preposition: • Jack jumped over the candlestick.

4. Noun function • Noun in direct address: • Jack, will you help me? • Appositive: • Mr. Smith, the grocer, rang up my bill. • Predicate nominative or subject complement: • Mr. Smith is a grocer. • Possessive: • Jack’s pail has a hole in it. • The boys’ game was cancelled. • The men’s game was cancelled.

5. Part of Speech: PRONOUN • Pronouns replace nouns: stand-in for a person, place thing or abstraction. • The noun replaced by the pronoun is known as the antecedent

6. Function of PRONOUN in Sentence • Pronouns have all the same functions as nouns.

7. Kinds of PRONOUNS • Personal pronouns – replace noun • 1st person singular: I, me, my, mine • 1st person plural: we, us, our • 2nd person: you, you, your (thou, thee, thine) • 3rd person singular: He,she,it; him, her, it; his, hers, its ( Note the possessive its has no apostrophe! it’s = it is ) • 3rd person plural: They, them, their • Interrogative pronouns – ask questions • Who, whom, whose? • Which, what?

8. Kinds of Pronouns • Indefinite pronouns – do not require an antecedent: • Singular: another, any, each, nothing, one, anyone, everyone, everybody, everything, someone, something, either, neither • Plural: few, many, some, all • Relative pronouns -- create a dependent clause by introducing a noun or adjective clause • The man, who hit my car, did not give me his license number. • who, whom, whose, whoever, which, whichever, what, whatever, that

9. Kinds of Pronouns • Demonstrative pronouns – point • This, these • That, those • Intensive pronouns – emphasize preceding noun. Same form as • Reflexive pronouns – receive the action of the subject who is the same person • Singular: Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself • Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves

10. Part of Speech: ADJECTIVE • Adjectives describe, limit or modify a noun or pronoun • The blue dress was beautiful. • Article • Definite: the • Indefinite: a, an

11. Part of Speech: ADVERB • Adverbs modify or describe: verbs, adverbs, and adjectives. • He ran quickly. • He ranvery quickly. • The dress was cobalt blue.

12. Part of Speech: PREPOSITION • Prepositions link a noun or pronoun to other words in the sentence creating a PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE: preposition + noun • He ran to the bus. • She met me at six o’clock.

13. Function of PREPOSITION in Sentence • Prepositional phrases always modify or describe something. • Adjectival prepositional phrases: • The stew for dinner was delicious. • Adverbial prepositional phrases: • The stew was made with beef, potatoes, carrots and onions.

14. Part of Speech: CONJUNCTION • Conjunctions connect • Coordinate conjunctions • and, or, nor, so, for, but, yet • Correlative conjunctions • both…and • either…or • neither…nor • Not only…but also • Whether…or • Subordinate conjunctions

15. Function of CONJUNCTIONS in Sentences • Coordinate conjunctions -- connect words, phrases or clauses of equal weight. • Jack and Jill went up the hill. • Jack fell down, and Jill came tumbling after. • Correlative conjunctions – always used in pairs also connect terms of equal weight • Both Jack and Jill went up the hill. • Not only Jack did fall down, but Jill also tumbled after him. • Subordinate conjunctions – create dependant clauses by introducing adverb clauses • When Jack fell down, Jill tumbled after.

16. After Although As As if Because Before If Once Since That Unless Until When Whenever Where While Common Subordinate Conjunctions

17. Part of Speech: INTERJECTION • Interjections exclaim or express emotions • Ouch • Alas • Oh • All those words you curse with

18. Part of Speech: VERB • Verbs express action, state of being or condition

19. Function of VERB in Sentence • Main verbs • Action: walk, sing, fly • State of being or linking: is, feel • Auxiliary (helping) verbs – combine with main verbs to create verb phrases • Be: am walking, was sung • Have: had flown

20. Principal Parts of Verbs • Infinitive: to be • 3rd person present tense: is • 3rd person past tense: was • Past participle: been • to have, has, had, had • to walk, walks, walked, walked • to sing, sings, sang, sung • to fly, flies, flew, flown

21. VERB Tenses • Present: • I walk • The bird flies • Past • I walked • The bird flew • Future • I shall walk • The bird will fly

22. Perfect VERB Tenses • Present Perfect • I have walked • The bird has flown • Past Perfect • I had walked • The bird had flown • Future Perfect • I shall have walked • The bird will have flown

23. Progressive VERB Tenses • Present progressive • I am walking • The bird is flying • Past progressive • I was walking • The bird was flying • Future progressive • I shall be walking • The bird will be flying

24. VERB Voice • Active • Jack threw the ball • Passive • The ball was thrown by Jack

25. VERB Moods • Indicative – makes a statement • The cow jumped over the moon. • Interrogative – asks a question • Who jumped over the moon? • Imperative – gives a command or direct request • Jump over the moon. • Subjunctive – expresses a wish or contrary-to-fact statement • If the cow jump over the moon, I will be surprised. • I wish the cow would jump over the moon.

26. VERBALS • Parts of verbs that function as nouns, adjectives or adverbs • Present participle: being, walking, singing, flying • The flying bird overhead is a blue heron. • Past participle: been, walked, sung, flown • The opera sung last night was Carmen. • Infinitive: to be, to walk, to sing, to fly • To walk a mile every day is healthy. • Gerund (always as a noun): being, walking, singing, flying • Flying is his passion