1 / 60

Copyright. Prozone Pool Products. phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 prozoneint

Copyright. Prozone Pool Products. phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 www.prozoneint.com. Alternative Sanitizers. Available for download at www.prozoneint.com. Water Treatment Requirements. www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225.

Jimmy
Download Presentation

Copyright. Prozone Pool Products. phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 prozoneint

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Copyright. Prozone Pool Products. phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225 www.prozoneint.com Alternative Sanitizers Available for download at www.prozoneint.com

  2. Water Treatment Requirements www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  3. Pool Water Treatment Requirements • Sources of Pollution • Bather Loading • Sweat, Urine, Mucus • Skin • Fecal Matter • Cosmetics • Dirt • All are pollutants by themselves and most contain microorganisms • Dirt (Other Sources) • Dust • Leaves, Grass, Soil www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  4. Pool Water Treatment Requirements • Sources of Pollution • Bather Loading • Sweat, Urine, Mucus • Skin • Fecal Matter • Cosmetics • Dirt • All are pollutants by themselves and most contain microorganisms • Dirt (Other Sources) • Dust • Leaves, Grass, Soil www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  5. Pool Water Treatment Requirements www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  6. Pool Water Treatment Requirements • What are the Characteristics of a Good Treatment for Pool Water? • Kills Organisms Quickly • Stable in Water • Produces no Harmful or Irritating Byproducts • Stand Alone Treatment • Kills Algae • Removes Urea/Ammonia (Equivalent to Breakpoint Chlorination) • Helps Reduce Bather Load • Safe to Handle or Use • Low Sensitivity to pH • Low Sensitivity to Alkalinity • Limited Effect on TDS • Limited Effect on Pool Equipment and Structure www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  7. Pool Water Treatment Requirements • Disinfection only deals with a small portion of the water treatment problem • Alternative sanitizers are generally looked at as replacements for chlorine • Selection of an alternative sanitizer should be based on its performing as many of the functions chlorine performs while eliminating its undesirable characteristics • Chlorines functions in water treatment can broadly be categorized as: • Oxidation • Disinfection • Kills Algae • Disinfection consumes very small quantities of chlorine, up to 90 percent is consumed in oxidation reactions • Any chlorine substitute must have a means to oxidize water www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  8. Why is Oxidation Important? • Oxidation removes bather loading • Chlorine is neutralized by bather loading causing the formation of combined chlorines and chloramines (combined chlorines and chloramines cause odors, irritation, and other undesirable effects of chlorine, particularly when chlorine use is not managed properly) • Bather loading can prevent sanitizers from attacking microorganisms by providing a protective coating • Bather loading provides the nutrients required by microorganisms to reproduce and grow • Destruction of volatile chemicals www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  9. Pool Water Treatment Requirements Chlorine Base Line Oxidation Strength High Disinfection Strength High Kill Time Fast Stability Varies Organism Resistance Yes Major Byproducts Chloramines, Combined Chlorines Staining Potential No Solubility High Stand Alone Yes pH Dependent Yes Chlorine Shock Equivalent Yes Algicidal Properties High www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  10. Chlorine Generators www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  11. Chlorine Generators Technology Salt (NaCl) is added to the pool at concentrations varying from 2,500 ppm to 5,000 ppm. An electrolytic cell is added to the return and when the salt water passes through it the usable form of chlorine is generated. Salt Water (Contains Chlorine Ions) + Electrical Energy →Useable Chlorine Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  12. Chlorine Generators • Chlorine Generator System Components • Chlorine Generating Cell • Titanium or Titanium with Coating (Noble Metals) • One or Two Sided Cells Available • Self-Cleaning Feature (Hard Water will Clog Cell) • Power Supply • Self-Cleaning Feature (Hard Water will Clog Cell) • Displays and Controls (Various Options Available) Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  13. Chlorine Generators • What are the Advantages of Chlorine Generation? • Chlorine is generated on-site • Provides all the treatment benefits of chlorine • Eliminates handling of chemicals Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  14. Chlorine Generators • Operational Considerations • Corrosion can occur when excessive salt concentrations are used • Salt water can damage some pool surfaces • Combined chlorines and chloramines still a potential issue • Dissimilar metals in immediate proximity to each other with different electrical potentials can pose a problem with high levels of salt • Corrosion is commonly caused by low pH, low total alkalinity, and soft water Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  15. Ozone Generators www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  16. Ozone Generators Technology Ozone is the most powerful disinfectant readily available. Because it is a gas, it must be generated on-site with either specialized vacuum ultraviolet lamps or an electrical arc (corona discharge). While typically classed as a sanitizer, ozone’s biggest benefit comes from its oxidation power. Oxygen + Energy (Light, Electrical) = Oxygen plus Ozone Ozone is oxygen with an extra molecule of oxygen loosely attached Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  17. Ozone Generators Generation with Vacuum Ultraviolet Lamps Air is passed over lamps which generate ultraviolet light at 185 nm. Some of the oxygen molecules are split into two oxygen atoms which combine with other oxygen molecules to form ozone. O2 + VUV Light → O- +O- O2 + O-→O3 The ultraviolet lamps used to generate ozone are not the same as those used to generate ozone. Outputs up to 1 lb-ozone per day Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  18. Ozone Generators • Vacuum Ultraviolet System Components • Ozone Producing Lamp(s) • Ballast • Electronic-Provide best performance and lowest energy consumption • Magnetic • Housing • Compressor or Air Pump (Used for Specific Installations and Circumstances) • Installation Kit Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  19. Ozone Generators • Equipment Types • Venturi Driven • Relies on pressure differential created by the venturi to inject ozone into water • Typically specified for use in spas and residential pools • Compressor Driven • Pressurizable lamp cartridges connected to diaphragm type air compressors • Specified for use in commercial spas and residential and commercial pools • (up to 1.2 million gallons) Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  20. Ozone Generators Ozone Generator Extended Contact Distance Pool Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  21. Ozone Generation with Corona Discharge Ozone Generation with Small Corona Discharge Devices Corona discharge devices can be divided into two categories: Type I and Type II: Type I Generators use equipment to pre-treat the feed air in order to remove nitrogen (10 percent or less) and moisture (Relative Humidity of -78 deg F or better). Water or air is used to cool the ozone cell in order to keep it below 100 deg F. They generate high concentrations of ozone and are generally found only in commercial applications due to their cost. Type II Generators are stripped down corona discharge devices. They consist of a corona discharge cell or plate and have no provisions in place to control the environmental factors which affect corona discharge ozone production. Examples of this type of ozone generator are small CD aquarium units, small CD spa units, and small CD air purifiers. Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  22. Ozone Generators Generation with Corona Discharge Equipment Air which is dried, or air which is dried and passed through a device which concentrates oxygen from the air is run through a high voltage arc (5,000 volts and up). The electrons in the field split some of the oxygen and the individual oxygen atoms recombine with normal oxygen to produce ozone. Concentrations are typically in the one (1) to ten (10) percent range. O2 + High Energy Electrons→ O- +O- O2 + O-→O3 Outputs available up to thousands of pounds per day Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  23. Ozone Generators • Corona Discharge Components • Ozone Generating Cell (Air Cooled or Water Cooled) • High Voltage Power Supply • Oxygen Concentrator or Regenerative Air Dryer • Compressor • Options • Controls • Ozone Monitors • Contact Tanks Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  24. Ozone Generators Vacuum Ultraviolet • Lower Cost • Easy Operation • High Reliability • Rugged • Lower ozone concentration • Operation in almost any environment • Type I Corona Discharge • High Ozone Outputs available • High Ozone Concentrations available • Higher Cost • More Complex • Excellent Performance when Properly Applied • Required for Some Applications Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  25. Ozone Generation with Corona Discharge Ozone Generation with Small Corona Discharge Devices Ozone is generated by passing air through a high voltage arc. The arc splits oxygen molecules in their normal state (O2) to form two atoms of oxygen (O-). Nitrogen (N2) is also split into its constituent atoms (N2-). O2 + Electron Energy → O- + O- O- + O2 → O3 N2+ Electron Energy→N2-+N2- N2-+O-→NOx These reactions will occur anytime nitrogen is present with oxygen when ozone is created using the corona discharge process. When a home type corona discharge ozone generator is used, the quantity of nitrogen oxides produced may equal or even exceed the quantity of ozone produced. Nitrogen oxides convert to harmful compounds in the presence of moisture including nitric acid which is extremely corrosive. Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  26. Ozone Generation with Corona Discharge Drawbacks of Type II Generators Corona discharge devices operate best when the air is dried. When it is not dry, ozone output decreases and the production of nitrogen compounds increases. The chart below shows how ozone production decreases as moisture content in the air increases (as shown by the dew point temperature increase) and the formation of nitrogen compounds increase. The chart cuts off at a dew point of -10 deg C (14 deg F), which is still drier than the air which will be found in almost any spa or jetted tub installation in the US. Decreasing Ozone Production Formation of Nitrogen Compounds Increasing www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  27. Ozone Generation with Corona Discharge • Temperature Considerations with of Type II Generators • The temperature of the ozone generating cell is controlled in Type I Generators. In Type II Generators, there is no mechanism to control the • cell or plate temperature. Type II cell/plate temperatures easily reach • 150 deg F (100 deg F is the standard limit). This is undesirable since the destruction of ozone accelerates as temperature increases, reducing outputs to negligible levels while the production of nitrogen compounds continues. • The lack of temperature and humidity control results in Type II generators having erratic output, poor performance, and the production of toxic nitrogen compounds. Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  28. Summary of Ozone Generation Performance Parameter UV Ozone Systems Type II CD Steady Output Produces Harmful Byproducts Produces Nitric Acid Impact of Increasing Humidity Impact of Increasing Temp High Voltage Power Consumption Open Arc Yes No No None None No Low No No Yes Yes Output Decreases Output Decreases Yes Low Yes NOTE: Prozone utilizes Type I Corona Discharge technology in its commercial grade equipment. Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  29. Ozone Generators • What does it do? • Oxidation • Ozone reacts with bather loading and combined halogens • Reduces contaminants to inert compounds or carbon dioxide and water • Oxidizes Combined Halogens • Precipitation • Ozone removes metals (iron, manganese, zinc, copper, etc.) • Oxidized organics also precipitate • Filtration and clarification are enhanced by precipitation • Sanitation/Disinfection • Ozone is the most powerful disinfectant available • Rapidly kills bacteria and viruses Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  30. Ozone Generators • What does it do? • Destroys bacteria, viruses, and organisms • Eliminates skin and eye irritations and hair damage • Substantially reduces maintenance, time and cost • Eliminates chlorine odor • Reduces the need for chlorine Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  31. Ozone Generators • Operational Considerations • Vacuum Ultraviolet Units • Lamp Life – Units are typically good for 15-20,000 hrs • Ruggedness – Better units will not break easily • Units will work on pools up to 1.5 million gallons • Units are designed to oxidize water primarily, with disinfection as a secondary function • Chlorine usage typically decreased anywhere from • 40-60 percent • Systems are easy to install, use and maintain Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  32. Ozone Generators • Operational Considerations • Corona Discharge Units • Pool type systems provide excellent performance • Systems should be run with an oxygen concentrator or regenerative air dryer • Best for commercial type installations • Increased complexity • Easy to install, more difficult to maintain Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  33. Characteristics of Ozone Chlorine Ozone Oxidation Strength High High Disinfection Strength High High Kill Time Fast Fast Stability Varies Generate On-Site Organism Resistance Yes No Major Byproducts Chloramines, No Combined Chlorines Staining Potential No No Solubility High High Stand Alone Yes No pH Dependent Yes No Chlorine Shock Equivalent Yes Yes Algicidal Properties High Medium Sanitation*Oxidation

  34. Ionizers www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  35. Ionizers Technology Copper and silver (or zinc) ions are introduced into the water by erosion feeders Or electrically with an anode/cathode system. Units can be installed in-line or in a bypass configuration with erosion types typically being installed in-line directly after the filter. Ionization systems provide sanitation (including action as an algaecide only). Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  36. Ionizers • Components • Erosion Type: • Housing with media • Flow control • Anode/Cathode Type: • Power Source • Electrode Chamber-Anode/Cathode, typically plated with same mixture • of copper/silver. Silver is usually one to ten percent of the plating with copper • comprising the balance • Control-Typically an adjustable rheostat Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  37. Ionizers • What does it do? • Systems introduce silver and copper ions into the water • Ions are atoms with a positive or negative charge • Positively charged ions are typically metals • Negatively charged ions are typically non-metals (ie chlorine) • Silver acts as a disinfectant and is typically dosed at 50-100ppb • Copper acts as an algaecide and is typically dosed at .2 - .5 ppm • Copper and silver essentially poison cells by disrupting their metabolism • Neither copper or silver act as an oxidant Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  38. Ionizers • What are the Advantages of an Ionizer? • Copper is an effective algaecide • Copper is very effective at killing mustard and green algae at levels of .5-1 ppm • Systems are easy to install Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  39. Ionizers • Operational Considerations • Ionizers do not oxidize the water • Chlorine residual and shocking still required (silver and zinc are slow acting relatively weak sanitizers) • Ionizers using silver are incompatible with pools using bromide or biguanides • Copper can cause staining • Copper concentration approaches 1ppm • High pH • Chlorine or others strong oxidizers present in main body of pool • Testing limited to copper only (colorimetric type test) Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  40. Characteristics of Ionizers Chlorine Ionizers Oxidation Strength High None Disinfection Strength High Low Kill Time Fast Slow Stability Varies1 Stable Organism Resistance Yes3 Yes Major Byproducts Chloramines, Copper Sulfate, Combined Chlorines Silver Carbonate Staining Potential No Yes Solubility High Low Stand Alone Yes No pH Dependent Yes No Chlorine Shock Equivalent Yes No Algicidal Properties High High Sanitation*Oxidation

  41. Ultraviolet Systems www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  42. Ultraviolet Radiation Technology Water is exposed to high intensity ultraviolet (UV) radiation in specialized chambers. The light is generated with specialized lamps that emit light in the range between 245 nm and 285 nm, the optimal kill range for microorganisms. Typically, the lamps will be classified as low or medium pressure. Units are also available that emit light in a high intensity pulsed manner. Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  43. Ultraviolet Radiation • Components • Specialized UV lamp (s) • Ballast • Reactive (Magnetic) • Electronic • Electronic ballast offer better life, produce less heat, and use less energy • Reactor Vessel • Additional Features • UV Sensors • Alarms • Automatic and Manual Cleaning Cycles Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  44. Ultraviolet Radiation • What does it do? • Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of water is a sanitizing process • Effectiveness is determined by UV dosage (D): • Intensity of Light (I) • Exposure Time (t) • D=I*t • UV light damages the RNA and DNA within a microorganism • Damaging the DNA/RNA inhibits cellular reproduction and • sterilizes the organism Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  45. Ultraviolet Radiation • What are the Advantages of UV Radiation? • Efficient at inactivating vegetative and sporous forms of bacteria viruses and other microorganisms which pose a hazard in pools • Fairly low dosages required • Cryptosporidium requires much higher dosages • Effectiveness is not limited by pH, temperature, or alkalinity • Does not produce and harmful byproducts • Fairly easy installation Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  46. Ultraviolet Radiation • Operational Considerations • UV does not provide any residual sanitation • Effectiveness of system can be inhibited by: • Development of films on the lamps (Quartz fouling) • Dissolved organics (bather load) • Clumping of microorganisms • Lack of or a poor cleaning mechanism • Suspended solids • Poor water clarity • Poor reactor design • Chlorine reduction is low and the devices do not reduce the irritating aspects of chlorination Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  47. Ultraviolet Radiation • Operational Considerations • Shocking and chlorine residual required • Lamp output may degrade over the life of the unit • Cleaning process may be fairly involved • Difficult to monitor intensity of UV radiation reliably Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  48. Ultraviolet Radiation • Operational Considerations • UV has two special considerations which can potentially impact performance: • Dark Repair Mechanism – Organisms repair the the damage from UV and become viable • Photoreactivation -Some organisms (coliform indicators, Shigella) can repair the damage from UV radiation and become viable again (viruses and many bacteria cannot) after re-exposure to sunlight • Extent that these mechanisms are an issue is still an open question Sanitation*Oxidation www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

  49. Characteristics of Ultraviolet Radiation Chlorine UV Oxidation Strength High None Disinfection Strength High Moderate-High Kill Time Fast Moderate-Fast Stability Varies Generate On-Site Organism Resistance Yes Yes Major Byproducts Chloramines, No Combined Chlorines Staining Potential No No Solubility High N/A Stand Alone Yes No pH Dependent Yes No Chlorine Shock Equivalent Yes No Algicidal Properties High Medium Sanitation*Oxidation

  50. Biguanides www.prozoneint.com phone: 256-539-4570 fax: 256-539-4225

More Related