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Functional Classifications. Synarthrosis:no movementAmphiarthrosis:little movementDiarthrosis:more movement. Functional Classification. Table 9
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1. Chapter 9:Articulations
3. Functional Classification
4. Structural Classifications Bony
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
5. Structural Classification
6. 4 Types of Synarthrotic Joints Sutures - bound by dense fibrous connective tissue; found only in skull
Gomphosis - binds teeth to sockets (periodontal ligament)
Synchondrosis - epiphyseal cartilage of long bones & b/t vertebrosternal ribs and sternum
Synostosis - fused bones, epiphyseal lines of long bones
7. 2 Types of Amphiarthroses Syndesmosis:
bones connected by ligaments
Symphysis:
bones separated by fibrocartilage
8. Synovial Joints (Diarthroses) Also called freely moveable joints
Lined with synovial membrane
Articular cartilages (hyaline) pad articulating surfaces within articular capsules & prevent bones from touching
Smooth surfaces lubricated by synovial fluid
9. Functions of Synovial Fluid Lubrication
Nutrient distribution
Shock absorption
10. Synovial Joints: Accessory Structures Cartilages - cushion the joint:
fibrocartilage meniscus (articular disc)
Fat pads - superficial to the joint capsule; protect articular cartilages
Ligaments - support, strengthen joints
Sprain - ligaments with torn collagen fibers
Tendons - attach to muscles around joint
Bursae - Pockets of synovial fluid that cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub
11. Synovial Joints: Range of Motion Nonaxial – slipping movements only
Uniaxial – movement in one plane
Biaxial – movement in two planes
Multiaxial – movement in or around all three planes
Joint movements
To be read for lab…DO NOT FORGET!
12. Linear Motion Also called gliding
2 surfaces slide past each other:
between carpal or tarsal bones
13. Flexion/Extension
14. Abduction/Adduction
15. Circumduction Circular motion without rotation
Angular motion
16. Rotation
17. Pronation and Supination Pronation:
rotates forearm, radius over ulna
Supination:
forearm in anatomical position
18. Inversion and Eversion
19. Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
20. Opposition Thumb movement toward fingers or palm (grasping)
21. Protraction and Retraction
22. Elevation and Depression
23. Lateral Flexion Bends vertebral column from side to side
24. 6 subtypes of synovial joints Gliding – intercarpals, SI
Pivot – atlas/axis, radioulnar
Hinge – elbow, knee, TMJ, interphalangeal
Ellipsoidal – Occ/C1, radius to carpals
Saddle – trapezium to 1st metacarpal
Ball & socket – shoulder/hip
25. Plane joints
Articular surfaces are essentially flat
Allow only slipping or gliding movements
Only examples of nonaxial joints
26. Pivot joints
bone protrudes into a “sleeve,” or ring, composed of bone (and possibly ligaments) of another
Only uniaxial movement allowed
Examples: joint between the axis and the dens, and the proximal radioulnar joint
27. Saddle Joints
Similar to condyloid joints but allow greater movement
Each articular surface has both a concave and a convex surface
Example: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
28. Intervertebral Articulations C2 to L5 spinal vertebrae articulate:
at inferior and superior articular processes (gliding joints)
between adjacent vertebral bodies (symphyseal joints)
29. Intervertebral Discs Intervertebral discs:
pads of fibrocartilage that separate vertebral bodies
Anulus fibrosus:
tough outer layer that attaches disc to vertebrae
Nucleus pulposus:
elastic, gelatinous core that absorbs shocks
30. 6 Intervertebral Ligaments Anterior longitudinal ligament:
connects anterior bodies
Posterior longitudinal ligament:
connects posterior bodies
Ligamentum flavum:
connects laminae
Interspinous ligament:
connects spinous processes
Supraspinous ligament:
connects tips of spinous processes (C7 to sacrum)
Ligamentum nuchae:
continues supraspinous ligament (C7 to skull)
31. Damage to Intervertebral Discs Slipped disc:
bulge in anulus fibrosus
invades vertebral canal
Herniated disc:
nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus
presses on spinal cord or nerves
32. The Knee Joint
33. The Knee Joint
34. 7 Ligaments of the Knee Joint Patellar ligament (anterior)
2 popliteal ligaments (posterior)
Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (inside joint capsule)
Tibial collateral ligament (medial)
Fibular collateral ligament (lateral)
Medial and lateral menisci: fibrocartilage pads
at femur–tibia articulations to cushion and stabilize joint & give lateral support
35. Sprains The ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn
Partially torn ligaments slowly repair themselves
Completely torn ligaments require prompt surgical repair
36. Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions Bursitis
An inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction
Symptoms are pain and swelling
Treated with anti-inflammatory drugs; excessive fluid may be aspirated
Tendonitis
Inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse
Symptoms and treatment are similar to bursitis
37. Arthritis More than 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage the joints
Most widespread crippling disease in the U.S.
Symptoms – pain, stiffness, and joint swelling
Acute forms are caused by bacteria and are treated with antibiotics
Chronic forms include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis
38. Osteoarthritis (OA) Most common chronic arthritis; often called “wear-and-tear” arthritis
AKA: Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD)
Affects women more than men
85% of all Americans develop OA
More prevalent in the aged, and is probably related to the normal aging process
As one ages, cartilage is destroyed more quickly than it is replaced
The exposed bone ends thicken, enlarge, form bone spurs, and restrict movement
Joints most affected are the cervical and lumbar spine, fingers, knuckles, knees, and hips
39. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause, with an insidious onset
Usually arises between the ages of 40 to 50, but may occur at any age
Signs and symptoms include joint tenderness, anemia, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular problems
The course of RA is marked with exacerbations and remissions
40. Gouty Arthritis Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by an inflammation response
Typically, gouty arthritis affects the joint at the base of the great toe
In untreated gouty arthritis, the bone ends fuse and immobilize the joint
Treatment – colchicine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and glucocorticoids