Chapter 9: Articulations

1. Chapter 9:Articulations

3. Functional Classification

4. Structural Classifications Bony Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial

5. Structural Classification

6. 4 Types of Synarthrotic Joints Sutures - bound by dense fibrous connective tissue; found only in skull Gomphosis - binds teeth to sockets (periodontal ligament) Synchondrosis - epiphyseal cartilage of long bones & b/t vertebrosternal ribs and sternum Synostosis - fused bones, epiphyseal lines of long bones

7. 2 Types of Amphiarthroses Syndesmosis: bones connected by ligaments Symphysis: bones separated by fibrocartilage

8. Synovial Joints (Diarthroses) Also called freely moveable joints Lined with synovial membrane Articular cartilages (hyaline) pad articulating surfaces within articular capsules & prevent bones from touching Smooth surfaces lubricated by synovial fluid

9. Functions of Synovial Fluid Lubrication Nutrient distribution Shock absorption

10. Synovial Joints: Accessory Structures Cartilages - cushion the joint: fibrocartilage meniscus (articular disc) Fat pads - superficial to the joint capsule; protect articular cartilages Ligaments - support, strengthen joints Sprain - ligaments with torn collagen fibers Tendons - attach to muscles around joint Bursae - Pockets of synovial fluid that cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub

11. Synovial Joints: Range of Motion Nonaxial � slipping movements only Uniaxial � movement in one plane Biaxial � movement in two planes Multiaxial � movement in or around all three planes Joint movements To be read for lab�DO NOT FORGET!

12. Linear Motion Also called gliding 2 surfaces slide past each other: between carpal or tarsal bones

13. Flexion/Extension

14. Abduction/Adduction

15. Circumduction Circular motion without rotation Angular motion

16. Rotation

17. Pronation and Supination Pronation: rotates forearm, radius over ulna Supination: forearm in anatomical position

18. Inversion and Eversion

19. Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion

20. Opposition Thumb movement toward fingers or palm (grasping)

21. Protraction and Retraction

22. Elevation and Depression

23. Lateral Flexion Bends vertebral column from side to side

24. 6 subtypes of synovial joints Gliding � intercarpals, SI Pivot � atlas/axis, radioulnar Hinge � elbow, knee, TMJ, interphalangeal Ellipsoidal � Occ/C1, radius to carpals Saddle � trapezium to 1st metacarpal Ball & socket � shoulder/hip

25. Plane joints Articular surfaces are essentially flat Allow only slipping or gliding movements Only examples of nonaxial joints

26. Pivot joints bone protrudes into a �sleeve,� or ring, composed of bone (and possibly ligaments) of another Only uniaxial movement allowed Examples: joint between the axis and the dens, and the proximal radioulnar joint

27. Saddle Joints Similar to condyloid joints but allow greater movement Each articular surface has both a concave and a convex surface Example: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

28. Intervertebral Articulations C2 to L5 spinal vertebrae articulate: at inferior and superior articular processes (gliding joints) between adjacent vertebral bodies (symphyseal joints)

29. Intervertebral Discs Intervertebral discs: pads of fibrocartilage that separate vertebral bodies Anulus fibrosus: tough outer layer that attaches disc to vertebrae Nucleus pulposus: elastic, gelatinous core that absorbs shocks

30. 6 Intervertebral Ligaments Anterior longitudinal ligament: connects anterior bodies Posterior longitudinal ligament: connects posterior bodies Ligamentum flavum: connects laminae Interspinous ligament: connects spinous processes Supraspinous ligament: connects tips of spinous processes (C7 to sacrum) Ligamentum nuchae: continues supraspinous ligament (C7 to skull)

31. Damage to Intervertebral Discs Slipped disc: bulge in anulus fibrosus invades vertebral canal Herniated disc: nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus presses on spinal cord or nerves

32. The Knee Joint

33. The Knee Joint

34. 7 Ligaments of the Knee Joint Patellar ligament (anterior) 2 popliteal ligaments (posterior) Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (inside joint capsule) Tibial collateral ligament (medial) Fibular collateral ligament (lateral) Medial and lateral menisci: fibrocartilage pads at femur�tibia articulations to cushion and stabilize joint & give lateral support

35. Sprains The ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn Partially torn ligaments slowly repair themselves Completely torn ligaments require prompt surgical repair

36. Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions Bursitis An inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction Symptoms are pain and swelling Treated with anti-inflammatory drugs; excessive fluid may be aspirated Tendonitis Inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse Symptoms and treatment are similar to bursitis

37. Arthritis More than 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage the joints Most widespread crippling disease in the U.S. Symptoms � pain, stiffness, and joint swelling Acute forms are caused by bacteria and are treated with antibiotics Chronic forms include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis

38. Osteoarthritis (OA) Most common chronic arthritis; often called �wear-and-tear� arthritis AKA: Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD) Affects women more than men 85% of all Americans develop OA More prevalent in the aged, and is probably related to the normal aging process As one ages, cartilage is destroyed more quickly than it is replaced The exposed bone ends thicken, enlarge, form bone spurs, and restrict movement Joints most affected are the cervical and lumbar spine, fingers, knuckles, knees, and hips

39. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause, with an insidious onset Usually arises between the ages of 40 to 50, but may occur at any age Signs and symptoms include joint tenderness, anemia, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular problems The course of RA is marked with exacerbations and remissions

40. Gouty Arthritis Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by an inflammation response Typically, gouty arthritis affects the joint at the base of the great toe In untreated gouty arthritis, the bone ends fuse and immobilize the joint Treatment � colchicine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and glucocorticoids