Articulations and Movement

1. Articulations and Movement

2. Articulations or Joints • Articulation or Joint • Place where two bones come together • Freely movable to limited to no apparent movement • Structure correlated with movement • Named • According to bones or parts united at joint • According to only one of articulating bones • By Latin equivalent of common name

3. Classes of Joints • Structural: Based on major connective tissue type that binds bones • Fibrous • Cartilaginous • Synovial • Functional: Based on degree of motion • Synarthrosis: Nonmovable • Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable • Diarthrosis: Freely movable

4. Fibrous Joints • Characteristics • United by fibrous connective tissue • Have no joint cavity • Move little or none • Types • Sutures • Syndesmoses • Gomphoses

5. Syndesmoses • Bones farther apart than suture and joined by ligaments • Some movement may occur

6. Gomphoses • Specialized joints • Pegs that fit into sockets • Inflammations • Gingivitis • Periodontal disease

7. Cartilaginous Joints • Unite two bones by means of cartilage • Types • Synchondroses • Joined by hyaline • Little or no movement • Symphyses • Fibrocartilage uniting two bones

8. Synchondroses

9. Synovial Joints • Most common joints in body • Most mobile joints • Have • Articular surfaces on bone with hyaline cartilage • Completely enclosed joint capsule formed from ligamentous connective tissue • Synovial fluid within capsule lubricates joint • Some have meniscus or articular disc(e.g. knee, jaw joint)

10. Synovial Joints • Allow considerable movement • Most joints that unite bone of appendicular skeleton • Complex • Articular cartilage and disks • Joint cavity and capsule • Synovial membrane and fluid • Bursae • Pockets of synovial fluid • Bursitis

11. Synovial Joint Shape Types • Plane joints--intercarpal joints • Hinge joints--elbow,ankle, interj-phalangeal • Pivot joints--radio-ulnar joint • Condyloid joints (egg into oval)--metacarpo-phalangeal • Saddle joints--carpo-metacarpal joint of thumb • Ball-and-socket--hip, shoulder The type of joint, in part, determines the range and direction of movement

12. Types of Synovial Joints • Plane or gliding • Saddle • Hinge • Pivot • Ball-and-socket • Ellipsoid

13. Plane and Pivot Joints • Plane or Gliding joints • Monoaxial • Example:Articular processes between vertebrae • Pivot joints • Monoaxial • Example: Articulation between dens of axis and atlas

14. Saddle and Hinge Joints • Saddle Joints • Biaxial • Example: Thumb • Hinge Joints • Monoaxial • Example: elbow, knee

15. Ellipsoid and Ball-and-Socket Joints • Ellipsoid • Modified ball-and-socket • Biaxial • Example: Atlantooccipital joint • Ball-and-socket • Multiaxial • Examples: shoulder and hip joints

16. Also see Fig. 9.3, M&M

19. Types of Movement • Gliding • Angular • Flexion and Extension • Hyperextension • Plantar and Dorsiflexion • Abduction and Adduction • Circular • Rotation • Pronation and Supination • Circumduction

20. Flexion and Extension

21. Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion

22. Abduction and Adduction

23. Rotation and Pronation and Supination

24. Circumduction

25. Special Movements • Unique to only one or two joints • Types • Elevation and Depression • Protraction and Retraction • Opposition and Reposition • Inversion and Eversion

26. Elevation and Depression

27. Protraction and Retraction

28. Excursion

29. Opposition and Reposition

30. Inversion and Eversion

31. Amount of mobility demonstrated at a given joint Types Active Passive Influenced by Shape of articular surfaces forming joint Amount and shape of cartilage covering surfaces Strength and location of ligaments and tendons Location of muscles associated with joint Amount of fluid in and around joint Amount of use/disuse of joint Amount of pain in and around joint Range of Motion

32. Temporomandibular Joint • TMJ • Combination plane and ellipsoid joint • TMJ Disorders • Cause most chronic orofacial pain

33. Shoulder Joint

34. Elbow Joint

35. Hip Joint

36. Knee Joint • Modified hinge joint • Menisi: Fibrocartilage articular disks • Cruciate ligaments: ACL and PCL • Collateral ligaments: Fibular and tibial

37. Knee Injuries and Disorders • Football injuries • Bursitis • Chondromalacia • Softening of cartilage • Hemarthrosis: • Acute • “Water on the knee” • Slower accumulation

38. Ankle Joint • Highly modified hinge joint • Ligaments of arch • Hold bones in proper relationship • Transfer weight

39. Effects of Aging on Joints • Tissue repair slows • Production of synovial fluiddeclines • Ligaments and tendons become less flexible • Decrease in ROM

40. Joint Disorders • Arthritis • Osteoarthritis: Wear and tear • Rheumatoid: Caused by transient infection or autoimmune disease • Joint infections • Lyme disease: Tick vector • Gout • Metabolic disorders of unknown cause (idiopathic)