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Chapter 12

Chapter 12. Recovery and Rebirth: The Renaissance. Timeline. Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance. Renaissance = Rebirth Jacob Burkhardt Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860) Urban Society Age of Recovery Rebirth of Greco-Roman culture

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Chapter 12

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  1. Chapter 12 Recovery and Rebirth: The Renaissance

  2. Timeline

  3. Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance • Renaissance = Rebirth • Jacob Burkhardt • Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860) • Urban Society • Age of Recovery • Rebirth of Greco-Roman culture • Emphasis on individual ability

  4. The Making of Renaissance Society • Economic Recovery • Italian cities lose economic supremacy • Hanseatic League • Manufacturing • Textiles, printing, mining and metallurgy • Banking • Florence and the Medici

  5. The Polish City of Gdansk An Important Member of the Hanseatic League

  6. Social Changes in the Renaissance • The Nobility • Reconstruction of the aristocracy • Aristocracy: 2 – 3 percent of the population • Baldassare Castiglione (1478 – 1529) • The Book of the Courtier (1528) • Service to the prince

  7. Peasants and Townspeople • Peasants • Peasants: 85 – 90 percent of population • Decline of manorial system and serfdom • Urban Society • Patricians • Petty burghers, shopkeepers, artisans, guildmasters, and guildsmen • The poor and unemployed • Slaves

  8. Family and Marriage in Renaissance Italy • Husbands and Wives • Arranged Marriages • Husband head of household • Wife managed household • Children • Childbirth • Sexual Norms

  9. The Italian States in the Renaissance • Five Major Powers • Milan • Venice • Florence • The Medici • The Papal States • Kingdom of Naples • Independent City-States • Mantua • Ferrara • Urbino • The Role of Women • Warfare in Italy • Struggle between France and Spain • Invasion and division

  10. Map 12.1: Renaissance Italy

  11. The Birth of Modern Diplomacy • Modern diplomacy a product of Renaissance Italy • Changing concept of the ambassador • Resident ambassadors • Agents of the territorial state

  12. Machiavelli and the New Statecraft • Niccolo Machiavelli (1469 – 1527) • The Prince • Acquisition, maintenance and expansion of political power • Cesare Borgia

  13. Italian Renaissance Humanism • Classical Revival • Petrarch (1304 – 1374) • Humanism in Fifteenth-Century Italy • Leonardo Bruni (1370 – 1444) • New Cicero • Lorenzo Valla (1407 – 1457) • Humanism and Philosophy • Marsilio Ficino (1433 – 1499) • Translates Plato’s dialogues • Synthesis of Christianity and Platonism • Renaissance Hermeticism • Ficino, Corpus Hermeticum • Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463 – 1494), Oration on the Dignity of Man

  14. Education, History, and the Impact of Printing • Education in the Renaissance • Liberal Studies: history, moral philosophy, eloquence (rhetoric), letters (grammar and logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy and music • Education of women • Aim of education was to create a complete citizen • Humanism and History • Secularization • Guicciardini (1483 – 1540), History of Italy, History of Florence • The Impact of Printing • Johannes Gutenberg • Movable type (1445 – 1450) • Gutenberg’s Bible (1455 or 1456) • The spread of printing

  15. Art in the Early Renaissance • Masaccio (1401 – 1428) • Perspective and Organization • Movement and Anatomical Structure • Paolo Uccelo (1397 – 1475) • The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian • Sandro Botticelli (1445 – 1510) • Primavera • Donato di Donatello (1386 – 1466) • David • Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – 1446) • The Cathedral of Florernce • Church of San Lorenzo

  16. Masaccio, Tribute Money

  17. The Artistic High Renaissance • Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) • Last Supper • Raphael (1483 – 1520) • School of Athens • Michelangelo (1475 – 1564) • The Sistine Chapel

  18. Raphael, School of Athens

  19. The Artist and Social Status • Early Renaissance • Artists as craftsmen • High Renaissance • Artists as heroes

  20. The Northern Artistic Renaissance • Jan van Eyck (c. 1380 – 1441) • Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride • Albrecht Dürer (1471 – 1528) • Adoration of the Magi

  21. Van Eyck, Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride

  22. Music in the Renaissance • Burgundy • Guillaume Dufay (c. 1400 – 1474) • The Renaissance Madrigal

  23. The European State in the Renaissance • The Renaissance State in Western Europe • France • Louis XI the Spider King (1461 – 1483) • England • War of the Roses • Henry VII Tudor (1485 – 1509) • Spain • Unification of Castile and Aragón • Establishment of professional royal army • Religious uniformity • The Inquisition • Conquest of Granada • Expulsion of the Jews

  24. Map 12.2: Europe in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Century

  25. Map 12.3: The Iberian Peninsula

  26. Central, Eastern, and Ottoman Empires • Central Europe: The Holy Roman Empire • Habsburg Dynasty • Maximilian I (1493 – 1519) • The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe • Poland • Hungary • Russia • The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine Empire • Seljuk Turks spread into Byzantine territory • Constantinople falls to the Turks (1453)

  27. Map 12.4: The Ottoman Empire and Southeastern Europe

  28. The Church in the Renaissance • The Problems of Heresy and Reform • John Wycliff (c. 1328 – 1384) and Lollardy • John Hus (1374 – 1415) • Urged the elimination of worldliness and corruption of the clergy • Burned at the stake (1415) • Church Councils • The Papacy • The Renaissance Papacy • Julius II (1503 – 1513) • “Warrior Pope” • Nepotism • Patrons of Culture • Leo X (1513 – 1521)

  29. Discussion Questions • Does the Renaissance represent a sharp break from the Middle Ages or a continuation of the Medieval Period? • What social changes did the Renaissance bring about? • How did Machiavelli deal with the issue of political power? • How did the printing press change European society? • What technical achievements did Renaissance artists make? Why were they significant? • What was the relation between art and politics in Renaissance Italy? • How did the popes handle the growing problems that were emerging in the Church in the Fifteenth and early Sixteenth Century?

  30. Web Links • Renaissance Secrets • Explore Leonardo’s Studio • Leonardo da Vinci on the BBC • Vatican Exhibit – Rome Reborn • Renaissance – Focus on Florence • The Uffizi Gallery – Florence • Vatican Museums – The Sistine Chapel • Gutenberg.de • The War of the Roses • The Ottoman Website

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