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Phylum Apicomplexa

Phylum Apicomplexa. Characteristics of Apicomplexa. Shape of cell maintained by pellicle. Characteristics of Apicomplexa. Shape of cell maintained by pellicle. Locomotion characterized as gliding. Cilia absent, but some species produce flagellated or ameboid gamest.

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Phylum Apicomplexa

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  1. Phylum Apicomplexa

  2. Characteristics of Apicomplexa • Shape of cell maintained by pellicle.

  3. Characteristics of Apicomplexa • Shape of cell maintained by pellicle. • Locomotion characterized as gliding. Cilia absent, but some species produce flagellated or ameboid gamest.

  4. Characteristics of Apicomplexa • Shape of cell maintained by pellicle. • Locomotion characterized as gliding. Cilia absent, but some species produce flagellated or ameboid gamest. • Asexual and sexual reproduction.

  5. Characteristics of Apicomplexa • Shape of cell maintained by pellicle. • Locomotion characterized as gliding. Cilia absent, but some species produce flagellated or ameboid gamest. • Asexual and sexual reproduction. • Unique system of organelles, the apical complex in anterior region of cell.

  6. Characteristics of Apicomplexa • Shape of cell maintained by pellicle. • Locomotion characterized as gliding. Cilia absent, but some species produce flagellated or ameboid gamest. • Asexual and sexual reproduction. • Unique system of organelles, the apical complex in anterior region of cell. • All intracellular parasites at some stage in the life cycle.

  7. Classification • Perkinsasidea- parasites of oysters. • Conoidasida- gregarines and coccidians. • Aconoidasida- malaria parasites and piroplasms, usually blood parasites of vertebrates, with an arthropod host.

  8. Protozoan Reproduction • Amoeba reproduce by binary fission essentially mitosis. • Other types of fission:

  9. Protozoan Reproduction • Repeated fission: Process by which colonies are made; like binary fission except daughter cells don’t separate!

  10. Volvox

  11. Protozoan Reproduction • Multiple fission: nucleus divides (multinucleated) before cytoplasm; the cytoplasm divides secondly. • Schizogony: asexual process done by an organism that is itself asexual. • Sporogony: formed by a sexual process.

  12. Generalized Life Cycle of an Apicomplexan 1. Schizogony (Merogony) Schizont or meront

  13. Sexual Reproduction • Gamete: formed by sexual process (meiosis); sperm and egg. • Microgamete (sperm) and macrogamete (egg). • Gametes are made by a process called gametogenesis.

  14. Sexual Reproduction Gametocyte gametogenesis gametes

  15. Generalized Life Cycle of an Apicomplexan 2. Gamogony: sexual reproduction.

  16. Generalized Life Cycle of an Apicomplexan 3. Sporogony: multiple fission of a zygote.

  17. Malaria Disease has been known since antiquity - one of first reports described fevers in 1550 BC.

  18. Malaria Disease has been known since antiquity - one of first reports described fevers in 1550 BC. Malaria was commonly found in swampy areas and was thought to be contracted by breathing in "bad air" (= mal aria) in the swamps.

  19. Malaria • Disease has been known since antiquity - one of first reports described fevers in 1550 BC. • Malaria was commonly found in swampy areas and was thought to be contracted by breathing in "bad air" (= mal aria) in the swamps. • Much effort was directed towards finding a causative agent in the water or air of these swamps. • We now know that the mosquitoes that vectors the disease lived in these swamps.

  20. Malaria (Plasmodium) Life Cycle • Has a two host life cycle. • Mosquitoes in the genus Anopheles are the vector hosts.

  21. Anopheles quadrimaculatus

  22. 200 mm

  23. Mosquito Life Cycle

  24. Life Cycle of Plasmodium –Human Cycle

  25. Life Cycle of Plasmodium –Mosquito Cycle

  26. Some Stages of Malaria in Anopheles Feeding female Anopheles Exflagellation showing microgametes Sporozoites from salivary gland Oocysts on outside of mosquito stomach

  27. Some Stages of Malaria in the human Cryptozoite in liver cell – it will burst releasing merozoites Trophozoite – uninucleate form in rbc Schizont – multinucleate form in rbc Gametocyte – uninucleate form in rbc

  28. Ring Stage

  29. Ring Stage

  30. Schizonts

  31. Gametocytes

  32. Blood Apicomplexans • Plasmodium-cause malaria in people; occur in birds, lizards, mammals. • Have exoerythrocytic and erythrocytic schizogony.

  33. Blood Apicomplexans • Leucocytozoon: only have exoerythrocytic schizogony. • Occur in birds can cause severe economic loss in poultry (ducklings, turkeys).

  34. Black Flies: Simuliidae

  35. Blood Apicomplexans • Haemoproteus: only have exoerythrocytic schizogony. • Occur in birds and reptiles common in the Midwest.

  36. Culicoides spp. are vectors

  37. Malaria • Plasmodium • Tropical and sub-tropical regions • 40% of the world’s population are at risk • 300 million illnesses per year • 1.2 million deaths per year • 90% deaths in sub-Saharan Africa

  38. Life Cycle of Plasmodium –Human Cycle

  39. Life Cycle of Plasmodium –Mosquito Cycle

  40. Period of Schizogony • Breaking of erythrocytes Paroxysm.

  41. Period of Schizogony • Breaking of erythrocytes Paroxysm. • Tertian – 48 hr erythrocytes break; attacks every other day, P. vivax and P. ovale.

  42. Period of Schizogony • Breaking of erythrocytes Paroxysm. • Tertian – 48 hr erythrocytes break; attacks every other day, P. vivax and P. ovale. • Quartan – 72 hr erythrocytes break; attacks three days, P. malariae.

  43. Period of Schizogony • Breaking of erythrocytes Paroxysm. • Tertian – 48 hr erythrocytes break; attacks every other day, P. vivax and P. ovale. • Quartan – 72 hr erythrocytes break; attacks three days, P. malariae. • P. falciparum- attacks not as predictable 36-48 hr.

  44. Malaria • We usually think of malaria as a tropical disease, but it can occur in temperate zones. • There have been cases of malaria above the arctic circle.

  45. Species of Plasmodium • Four species that infect humans

  46. Species of Plasmodium • Four species that infect humans • Plasmodium vivax • Widespread, temperate areas, Asia, North Africa • 43% • Tertian malaria

  47. Species of Plasmodium • Four species that infect humans • Plasmodium vivax • Widespread, temperate areas, Asia, North Africa • 43% • Tertian malaria • Plasmodium falciparum • Tropics, 50% of malaria in the world • Falciparum malaria, malignant tertian malaria

  48. Species of Plasmodium • Four species that infect humans • Plasmodium vivax • Widespread, temperate areas, Asia, North Africa • 43% • Tertian malaria • Plasmodium falciparum • Tropics, 50% of malaria in the world • Falciparum malaria, malignant tertian malaria • Plasmodium malariae • Rare, localized, but widespread • Quartan Malaria

  49. Species of Plasmodium • Four species that infect humans • Plasmodium vivax • Widespread, temperate areas, Asia, North Africa • 43% • Tertian malaria • Plasmodium falciparum • Tropics, 50% of malaria in the world • Falciparum malaria, malignant tertian malaria • Plasmodium malariae • Rare, localized, but widespread • Quartan Malaria • Plasmodium ovale • Very rare, Africa, Philippines, India, S. America, Vietnam • Mild tertian malaria

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