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Phylum Apicomplexa

Phylum Apicomplexa. Gregarines, Coccidians ~ 5,000 species All parasitic. Apical complex. Organelles for attaching parasite to host cell Hooks/suckers. Plasmodium vivax. Causes malaria Kills 1-3 million / year Mostly in Africa Vector = mosquito.

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Phylum Apicomplexa

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  1. Phylum Apicomplexa • Gregarines, Coccidians • ~ 5,000 species • All parasitic

  2. Apical complex • Organelles for attaching parasite to host cell • Hooks/suckers

  3. Plasmodium vivax • Causes malaria • Kills 1-3 million / year • Mostly in Africa • Vector = mosquito

  4. http://www-ermm.cbcu.cam.ac.uk/dcn/fig001dcn.htm

  5. Gregarine: gut parasites of many invertebrates • Best known from arthropods • sporozoite

  6. spores In beetle

  7. Phylum Dinoflagellata • ~ 4,000 species described • Most unicellular, some are filamentous or colonial • Some planktonic, some symbiotic (w/ corals, other cnidarians)

  8. Red tide caused by dinoflagellates • Discolored area of ocean with billions of dinoflagellates • Produce toxins, kill everything.

  9. Two flagella: armor or not Ceratium

  10. Ceratium sp.

  11. Noctiluca

  12. Dinoflagellates • Freshwater and marine • Osmoregulation by pusules • Tubules that open to outside • Autotrophic and heterotrophic • Switch • Many photo pigments

  13. Repro • Asexual • Sexual: haploid cells divide, produce daughter cells = gametes • Forms cyst, resting stage

  14. Phylum Rhizopoda: amebas • ~ 200 species • Most free-living, some endosymbiotic, some pathogenic • Pseudopodia in all

  15. Entamoeba histolyticaAmebic dysentery • 4 nuclei - cyst found in fecal smear

  16. Difflugia

  17. Phylum Actinopoda • ~4,240 species • Radiolarians, Heliozoans, etc. • Most w/internal siliceous skeletons • Planktonic and benthic • Heterotrophic mostly (phagocytosis) • Binary fission, budding, sex rare

  18. Actinopoda • “ray feet” = axopodia • Slender pseudopodia • Actinosphaerium

  19. Actinosphaerium

  20. Foraminifera • ~ 40,000 species • All aquatic habitats • Some planktonic, most benthic • Tests form chalks, marble, limestone

  21. Chalk cliffs of Dover

  22. Phylum Diplomonadida • Plasma membrane rigid from three microtubular roots • Most phagotrophic, feed on bacteria • Asexual, most form cysts

  23. Giardia • No mitochondria, ER, or Golgi bodies • Warm climates mostly • In severe infections every cell in gut is covered by a parasite. • Coating of inside of intestine interferes with absorption

  24. Giardia lamblia

  25. Phylum Chlorophyta • “Green algae” - green chloroplasts • Like plants • Some colonial • Some have lost photosynthesis = heterotrophs

  26. Volvox

  27. Phylum Opalinida • Many rows of cilia - different than in ciliates • Reproduction is longitudinal (like flagellates), not transverse (ciliates) • ~ 150 species • Endosymbiotic in frog and toad gut

  28. Phylum Opalinida • Sexual repro by synamy • Asexual = binary fission • Opalina

  29. Protist Phylogeny • Origins ~ 2.5 bya • Evolution of eukaryotes? • Serial Endosymbiotic Theory (SET)

  30. Serial endosymbiotic theory

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