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GV551-week 18

GV551-week 18. Peacekeeping operations Definitions Types Record of UN peacekeeping operations. Haiti (1994). First time that SC declared a coup against a democratically elected government threat to peace-right to intervene First intervention after Somalia (Somalian effect)

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GV551-week 18

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  1. GV551-week 18 Peacekeeping operations Definitions Types Record of UN peacekeeping operations

  2. Haiti (1994) • First time that SC declared a coup against a democratically elected government threat to peace-right to intervene • First intervention after Somalia (Somalian effect) • Multiple failed mediations by foreign ministers, OAS envoys (ch. 15), UN envoy, and presidential envoys • Difficulty to combine diplomacy and force (humanitarian goals not national interest) although necessary • Unique model of mediation before the intervention: a former President, a Senator, and G. Powell (threat of enforcement)

  3. Lessons to be learned from Haiti (1994) • Addressing images of the enemy • Good mediators are able to listen and empathize with both sides • Autonomy and strength of mediators: positive or negative? • Deadlines dangerous but necessary • Once the major point has been reached then relax allowing for the other side to save face • Symbolic concessions to seal the agreement • Having an exit strategy • Critical distinction between use of force and threat of force

  4. Definitions of peacekeeping • Peacekeeping: observe a truce/cease-fire/keep parties apart • Method to manage conflict (first attempts under the League of Nations) • Often as a term is used to encompass military action against an aggressor: e.g. Korean war and first Gulf war • Peacekeeping combines elements of collective security and observation • Characteristics of peacekeeping: • Nonenforcement—noncoercive • Occupation but as an interposition between fighting parties • Limited military capability (light armaments—partly due to necessity)---strictly self-defence and deterrentthreat in case of demilitarisation and patrolling • Neutrality • Nonaligned states (e.f. Sweden, Pakistan, India, Fiji) • Issue of major powers (Cold War) • Permission of Host Countries • Ad hoc organizations under the UN auspices and certified by UN Security Council

  5. Peace making and peacebuilding • Peace making: bringing hostile parties to an agreement through peaceful means: mediation, adjudication • Peace enforcement: authorized act with or without the consent of the involved parties, mandated, and authorized by the Security Council—heavily armed and under the UN secretary-general (e.g. East Slavonia 1996, Sierra Leone 2000 (UK), Liberia (US)) • Peacebuilding (Haiti, East Timor, Sierra Leone, Kosovo…): developing social, economic, and political structure and institutions to avoid conflict in the future

  6. Types of peacekeeping operations (PKOs) • 6 types depending on degree of involvement and the freedom to use force • From conflict management to conflict resolution • Types 1 & 2: traditional peacekeeping (neutrality et al: Cyprus, Kashmir 1948, Golan Heights) • Types 3 & 5: incorporate elements of peacebuilding, such as decommissioning (Guatemala, Sierra Leone, Kosovo), training of police forces, monitoring and organization of elections (Cambodia, East Timor/OSCE in Eurasia) • Type 5: enforcement issues • Preventive development of UN troops (FYMacedonia) (Article 1) • Type 6; full fledged peacebuilding (Haiti) • Problems of preventive UN operations • Developing countries’ fears of intrusion and loss of sovereignty • Selectivity of missions • Loss of funds from other projects • Issue of timing: when is prevention appropriate?

  7. Differences between peacekeeping and peacebuilding • Peacekeeping is operational, technical and focuses on quick results; peacebuilding is based on long-term planning and strategic management, and seeks sustainable outcomes. • Peacekeeping requires direct and outside intervention; peacebuilding develops local capacity. • Peacekeeping is guided by impartiality and equidistance from contending parties; peacebuilding requires an in-depth understanding of the socio-political situation, is participatory and actively engages local stakeholders. • Example Haiti:

  8. Origin of PKOs • Boxer wars in China (1900) • The creation of the League of Nations • Concept of collective security • No direct reference to peacekeeping but authorization to League of Nations to take action to safeguard peace • Problems: • The role of great powers • Lack of enforcement • Japanese attack against China (1931)—fact finding mission • Abyssinian crisis (1935) • Lack of interest in remote conflicts (the case of Czechoslovakia (1938)) • What is an aggressor?

  9. The United Nations • Purpose: provide and international structure through which states can settle conflicts with the least possible use of force • Chapters 6 & 7 • Korean war and the movement of non-aligned countries • Resolution 998 and Suez Canal Crisis (1956): beginnings of PKOs • 1960-1964: Congp (ONUC) • To ensure the withdrawal of Belgian forces from the Republic of the Congo • to assist the Government in maintaining law and order • to provide technical assistance • UNUC was authorized to use force • By resolution 169 (1961) of 24 November 1961, the Council authorized the Secretary-General "to take vigorous action, including the use of the requisite measure of force, if necessary, for the immediate apprehension, detention pending legal action and/or deportation of all foreign military and paramilitary personnel and political advisers not under United Nations Command, and mercenaries", as laid down in Council’s resolution 161 (1961). • Early 1990s: An Agenda for Peace (Boutros Boutros-Ghali): more ambitious role of the UN • Second and third generation PKOs

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