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Muslim Perspectives

Muslim Perspectives. Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths. Faith. Interfaith. Faith. Conflict. Faith Interfaith. Jerusalem – The Holy House. Iliya madinat bayt al-makdis „Aelia, the City of the Temple“ Al-Bayt al Mukaddas „the Holy House“

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Muslim Perspectives

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  1. Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown CentreJerusalem in the Three Faiths

  2. Faith

  3. Interfaith Faith

  4. Conflict Faith Interfaith

  5. Jerusalem – The Holy House Iliya madinat bayt al-makdis „Aelia, the City of the Temple“ Al-Bayt al Mukaddas „the Holy House“ Al Bayt al Maqdis „the House of the Sanctuary“ Al-Quds „the Holy One“ Prophet Muhammad praying in front of the Kaaba in Mecca

  6. Changing the qibla „... take then the place wheron Abraham once stood as your place of prayer ...“ (Qur‘an 2:125)

  7. The journey to the farthest mosque „Limitless in His glory is He who transported His servant by night from the Inviolable House of Worship (al-masjid al-haram) to the Remote House of Worship (al-masjid al-aqsa) ...“ (Qur‘an 17:1)

  8. Jerusalem as a holy place for Muslims - Isra „Night Journey“ and Miraj „Ascension“ of the Prophet Muhammad - Prophets like David, Salomon, Zacharias and John - Mary and Jesus - the Day of Resurrection

  9. Qubbat al-Sakhra - The Dome of the Rock Completed 72 AH / 691 CE on the ancient Temple platform 60 years after Jerusalem was taken by the Muslims.

  10. The Dome of the Rock – it's mission? Commemoration of Muhammad‘s ascension? Diverting pilgrims from Mecca to Jerusalem? Demonstration of Islam's superiority? Trying to win converts? Muslim equivalent to the Holy Sepulchre? Caliph Abd al-Malik

  11. The Dome of the Rock – it's inscriptions "Say: He is God, One, God the Everlasting, who has not begotten and has not been begotten. He is without equal." There is no God but God alone, without partner. Muhammad is God's messenger. The Messiah Jesus, son of Mary, is only a messenger Blessings on Muhammad and Jesus.

  12. Haram Al-Sharif "the Noble Sanctuary" Qubbat al-Sakhra and Al-Aqsa Mosque

  13. Hebron – city of Abraham, Khalil al-Rahman, "the friend of the merciful (God)

  14. "... ours is the creed of Abraham" "And they say, 'Be Jews' – or, 'Christians' – and you shall be on the right path.' Say: 'Nay but ours is the creed of Abraham, who turned away from all that is false, and was not of those who ascribe divinity to aught beside God. " (Qur'an 2:135) Maqam Ibrahim, "Place of Abraham" in front of the Kaaba in Mecca

  15. "... we make no distinction between any of them" "Say: We believe in God, and in that which has been bestowed from on high upon us, and that which has been bestowed upon Abraham and Ishmael and Isaac and Jacob and their descendants, and that which has been vouchsafed to Moses and Jesus, and that which has been vouchsafed to all the other prophets by their Sustainer: we make no distinction between any of them. And it is unto Him that we surrender ourselves." (Qur'an 2:135) Tree of Prophets

  16. Ahl al-Kitab "The People of the Book" "Unto every one of you have We appointed a law and way of life. And if God had so willed, He could surely have made you all one single community: but [He willed it otherwise] in order to test you by means of what He has vouchsafed unto you. Vie, then, with one another in doing good works! Unto God you all must return; and then He will make you truly understand all that on which you were wont to differ." (Qur'an 5:48)

  17. Fighting for Muslim superiority "Fight against those who - despite having been vouchsafed revelation - do not believe either in God or the Last Day, and do not consider forbidden that which God and His Apostle have forbidden, and do not follow the religion of truth till they pay the exemption tax with a willing hand, after having been humbled [in war]." (Qur'an 9:29) Arab Cavallry

  18. Muslims and Jews Close contacts since the times of early Islam Severe confrontations during the stay of the Prophet in Medina Religious and cultural autonomy was respected "Convivenza" in Andalusia and Ottoman times Anti-semitism imported from the west Israeli-Arab conflict tends to be presented as a Jewish-Muslim conflict Sephardi Synagogue in Jerusalem 1836

  19. Jesus Christ – Isa "al-Masih„ “The Christ Jesus, son of Mary, was but God's Apostle - [the fulfilment of] His promise which He had conveyed unto Mary - and a soul created by Him. Believe, then, in God and His apostles, and do not say, ‘[God is] a trinity’". (Quran 4:171)

  20. Christian apologetics Islam not as a religion of it's own but a Jewish or Christian heresy Muslims as "the Children of Ishmael" Muslims as forerunners of apocalyptic events Muhammad as a false Prophet Critic of Muhammad's and Muslims moral compared with Christian chasity St John of Damascus ( 676 – 749 )

  21. Muslims and Christians High esteem: Christian spiritual and ascetic practises Acceptance: birth of Jesus, his mission, certain teachings and miracles Refutation: trinitarian doctrines and death on the cross Irritation: refusing to accept Islam a continuation of former revelations Christian delegation in Medina at the times of the prophet

  22. Muslim apologetics Accusations against Jews and Christians: Altering the divine relevation Accusations against Christians: Propagation of errant doctrines Grievous mistakes in religious practice Opening the frontiers to polytheism and pagan practises

  23. The Covenant of Umar "This is a letter to the servant of God Umar, Commander of the Faithful, from the Christians of such-and-such a city. When you came against us, we asked you for safe-conduct for ourselves, our descendants, our property, and the people of our community, and we untertook the following obligations toward you: ..." "We shall not build ... new churches." "We shall not manifest our religion publicly." "We shall not seek to resemble the Muslims." Patriarch Sophronius of Jerusalem

  24. Living side by side – everyday life Jerusalem 1883

  25. Festivities and rituals of faith communities Greek Orthodox Easter procession Greek Orthodox wedding in Christian Quarter

  26. Saint George St George Khidr – "the Green One" Qubbat al-Khidr on the Haram 16. century

  27. Festival of "Nabi Musa" Procession of "Nabi Musa" in front of Al-Aqsa around 1920

  28. Charity "The Turkish … are just enough not to deprive poor Christians who come there, and these later receive the same amount as the Muslims, but as they go there only rarely the director of the place is not bothered by them." (French traveller 1705) Ottoman imaret (soup kithcen)

  29. Praying side by side Tomb of Mary in Kidron Valley "Do not come to the Church of Mary … nor go into the two pillars into the church of the Mount of Olives, for they are both idols and whoever enters there in a spirit of devotion, his act shall be annulled." (Muslim tradition)

  30. Pilgrims Medieval Pilgrims entering "Outremer" Russian Pilgrims entering Jerusalem 1905 "No day passed without foreigners" (Al Muqaddasi – 10. century)

  31. The shade of the Crusades Richard Lion Heart (London) Salah al-Din (Damascus) George W. Bush (Washington) - as seen by Al-Jazeera

  32. Crusades "In the long sequence of interaction and fusion between Orient and Occident out of which our civilization has grown, the Crusades were a tragic and destructive episode" (Stepen Runciman: The Crusades. 1951)

  33. 19. Century – conquest, colonialism and civilization Napoleon in Egypt 1798 French iIllustration 1837

  34. Ottoman dilemma Ottoman coat of Arms

  35. Ottoman dilemma Ottomans recruiting soldiers in Jaffa - 1888

  36. Christians under Ottoman rule Kawass of Anglican bishop Representatives of Christian denominations in Palestine

  37. Tanzimat-i Hayriye – Salutary Reforms Hatt-i Humayun 1856 All Ottoman citizens equal under law Greek Newspaper illustration – Athens 1858

  38. Jewish immigration in Jerusalem Jewish quarters in Jerusalem 1920

  39. Jewish dilemma: integration or separation Jewish soldiers in Ottoman army 1910 Shomerim (guards) of a Zionist settlement 1920

  40. British rule British troops in Jaffa Road, Jerusalem, 1929

  41. Jerusalem in 20. century Dome of the Rock and Western Wall 1937 Dome of the Rock and Western Wall today

  42. Israeli-Arab confrontation in Jerusalem

  43. Jerusalem – her future – two Muslim perspectives "Ultimately if the entire world truly strives for peace in the city of al-Quds, Muslims must retake the upper hand and regain its rule, as they alone would provide continuously the guarantee of freedom of worship and safety for the citizens of the City and they will re-implement Umar's Covenant for a third time. Only then will al-Quds be, as it is meant to be, a City of Peace." (Mohammed Abdul Hameed Al-Khateeb. Al-Quds. 1998)

  44. Jerusalem – her future – two Muslim perspectives "The shared heritage and belief in one God summons all believers to be peace-makers. We should affirm the holiness of the Jerusalem for all three faiths and recognize the rights of all to worship in their own way. We should affirm that claims made in the name of tradition cannot exclude or nullify the claims of others." (Muhammad Hourani: A Muslim Approach to Dialogue in Jerusalem in the New Millennium. 2000)

  45. ... and in the end ... wa Allah a'alam and God knows best Wilhelm Sabri Hoffmann German Muslim League Bonn

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