Muslim Civilizations

1. Muslim Civilizations Chapter 10

2. The Rise of Islam Section 1

3. The Rise of Islam Vocabulary • Bedouins-A desert dwelling Arab nomad. • Muhammad-Prophet of Islam, born in Mecca in 570 A.D. • Mecca-City in western Saudi Arabia; birthplace of the prophet Muhammad and the most holy city in Islam. • Yathrib-The final destination of Muhammad’s hijra and the 1st home of Muslims. Later named Medina.

4. The Rise of Islam Vocabulary • Hijra-Muhammad’s journey from Mecca to Medina in 622 A.D. • Medina-City where Muhammad preached. • Kaaba- The most sacred temple in all of Islam in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. • Mosque-Muslim house of worship. • Quran-The holy book of Islam.

5. The Rise of Islam Vocabulary • Hajj-Pilgrimage to Mecca that all Muslims are expected to make in their lifetime. • Jihad-In Islam, an effort in God’s service. • Sharia-Body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life.

6. The Rise of Islam • The Story of Muhammad- • Born in Mecca in 570 A.D. • Started working as a shepherd, but became a successful merchant in Mecca. • Often meditated in the hills of Mecca. • When he was 40, the angel Gabriel came to him while meditating and called for him to be the messenger of God. • He didn’t understand how he could be the messenger of God when he was illiterate.

7. The Rise of Islam • He devoted his life to spreading Islam and getting Arabs to stop worshipping pagan gods. • Merchants feared Islam would drive pilgrims away from Mecca (pagan worshipers visited the Kaaba). • Took his hijra from Mecca to Yathrib, later name Medina in 622.

8. The Rise of Islam • Thousands of Arabs began adopting Islam. • Muhammad returned to Mecca in 630 and destroyed pagan idols in the Kaaba and claimed it for Islam and Allah. • Teachings of Islam • Quran- The sacred text of Islam and contains the sacred words of God revealed to Muhammad. • It is an ethical guide to life in all aspects.

9. The Rise of Islam • The Quran is a DIRECT and UNCHANGABLE word of god. • Contains the 5 Pillars of Islam. • Shahadah - Declaration of Faith • Salat - 5 daily prayers • Zakat - Charity • Sawm - Fasting during Ramadan • Hajj - Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Kaaba. • Islam worships the same God as Jews and Christians

10. The Rise of Islam • Sharia – Islamic code of conduct • Regulates all aspects of life and applies religious principals to all situations. • Women in Islam • Expanded the rights of woman by promoting spiritual equality. • Quran gave rights to women they did not have in Arab society. • Women’s roles and styles differed depending on cultures conquered by Islam.

11. Questions Du Jour • What was Muhammad’s occupation? • Describe the situation of Muhammad becoming the prophet of Islam. • Why was Muhammad driven out of Mecca? • What city is cited as the 1st home of Islam? • What is the name of the Islamic code of conduct? Describe it. • Explain how Islam has affected the rights of women in the Middle East.

12. Answers Du Jour • Muhammad was a merchant. • Muhammad was meditating on a hill in Mecca when he claimed the angel Gabriel came to him and told him he was to be the messenger of God. • Meccan merchants were afraid Islam would drive away pagan pilgrims coming to the Kaaba.

13. Answers Du Jour • Medina • Sharia. It is a the body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life. • It promoted spiritual equality and gave them rights they had not previously had in Arab society.

14. Section 2 Vocabulary • Abu Bakr- Muhammad’s father in law and 1st caliph of Islam. • Caliph-Successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims. • Sunni-Believe inspiration came from the example of Muhammad as recorded by his early followers. • Shiite-Believe the descendents of Muhammad’s daughter and son-in-law, Ali, are the true Muslim leaders.

15. Section 2 Vocab • Sufis- Muslim mystics who seek communion with God through meditation, fasting, and other rituals. • Umayyad-member of the Sunni dynasty of caliphs that ruled a Muslim empire from 661-750. • Abbasids-Dynasty that ruled in Baghdad from 750-1258.

16. Section 2 Vocab • Baghdad-Capital city of present day Iraq; Capital of the Muslim empire during Islam’s golden age. • Minaret-Slender tower of a mosque, from which Muslims are called to pray. • Sultan-Muslim ruler.

17. Chapter 10 Section 2 Building a Muslim Empire

18. I. Early Challenges to Islam • Death of Muhammad left no successor. • Abu Bakr- Muhammad’s father-in-law. He became the 1st caliph. • Muslims refuse to follow him and withdraw their loyalty to Islam. • He regained their loyalty and united them under one ruler. • Muslim Empire overtook both the Byzantine and Persian Empires

19. II. Divisions Emerge Within Islam • Shiites Felt Muhammad designated his son-in-law, Ali, to lead Islam • They felt the successors to Muhammad were Ali and Fatima (Muhammad’s daughter). • Shiites could divinely interpret the Quran. • Eventually another group felt anyone could lead because there could be no other prophet.(Sunnis)

20. II. Divisions Emerge Within Islam • Sunnis believed the successor should be a pious man from Muhammad’s tribe. • They believe inspiration comes from the example of Muhammad recorded by his early followers. • Both Sunnis and Shiites are still divided today. • 90% of Muslims are Sunni.

21. II. Divisions Emerge Within Islam • Sufis Muslim mystics who fast, meditate and do other traditions to find oneness with God. • They spread Islam by traveling, preaching, and being a good example.

22. III. Umayyad Caliphs Build an Empire. • Umayyad Caliphate Sunni group who set up an empire after Ali’s death. • Spread Islam from Spain to India. • Umayyads were VERY successful. • Weakness of the Byzantines and Persians. • “Arab Liberators”. • Bold efficient fighting methods. • Desire to glorify Islam.

23. III. Umayyad Caliphates Build an Empire • Muslims allowed Christians, Jews, & Zoroastrians to practice their religions. • Forced them to pay taxes. • Christians & Jews played key roles in Arab societies (doctors, government officials). • Muslims prohibited looting and destruction of cities. • Arab remained separate from regular population.

24. III. Umayyad Caliph Builds an Empire • Many people eventually start converting to Islam. • For political or economic reasons. • Islam had a very simple message. • There is no hierarchy. • Umayyads begin to decline (fall in 750) • Arabs had to adapt from living in the deserts to ruling huge territories. • Ruled like tribal leaders instead of kings.

25. III. Umayyad Caliph Builds an Empire • They often relied on non-Arab officials to help rule their land. • Economic tensions rose between the wealthy and the poor when wealthy conquests began to slow down. (Caliphs continued to lived luxuriously)

26. Umayyad Review • When did the Umayyad Caliphate begin? • Why were the Persians and Byzantines weakened? • What are 3 reasons why Umayyads were so successful? • Why did so many people convert to Islam? • How did geography and economics play into the decline of the Umayyad Empire?

27. Umayyad Review • When did the Umayyad Caliphate begin? • After Ali’s death (661) • Why were the Persians and Byzantines weakened? • They had fought each other to the point of exhaustion • What are 3 reasons why Umayyads were so successful? • Weakness of Byz. and Per., “Arab Liberators”, bold fighting styles, glory of Islam

28. Umayyad Review • Why did so many people convert to Islam? • For power or wealth, its simple message, equality (no hierarchy) • How did geography and economics play into the decline of the Umayyad Empire? • Arabs had to adapt from living in the desert to ruling large territories and they ruled those lands like tribes, not kingdoms (Geography). • Their was an economic between classes when conquests began to slow down (Economics)

29. Rise of the Abbasids/Muslim Empire Declines • Which groups helped Abu al-Abbas gain power? • What was the Abbasid capital? Why did they move it there? • Who was Harun al-Rashid? • Where did the surviving member of the Umayyad family flee to? • How did Islam become a more universal faith? • What 2 places in Europe were ruled by Muslims? • How were non-Muslims treated? • What did the Seljuk Turks and Mongols have in common? • What happened to the Muslim Empire?

30. Rise of the Abbasids/Muslim Empire Declines • Which groups helped Abu al-Abbas gain power? • Shiites and non-Arab Muslims • What was the Abbasid capital? Why did they move it there? • Baghdad. Centrally located on a river, center of learning and culture. • Who was Harun al-Rashid? • Abbasid ruler who promoted culture and learning.

31. Rise of the Abbasids/Muslim Empire Declines • Where did the surviving member of the Umayyad family flee to? • They fled to Spain and set up an independent Muslim state. • How did Islam become a more universal faith? • It was more tolerant than other religions, it ended discrimination against non-Arabs, encouraged learning. • What 2 places in Europe were ruled by Muslims? • Spain and Sicily

32. Rise of the Abbasids/Muslim Empire Declines • How were non-Muslims treated? • They were tolerated. • What did the Seljuk Turks and Mongols have in common? • Came from C. Asia, conquered Baghdad, adopted Islam. • What happened to the Muslim Empire? • It fragmented and broke apart into several smaller states.