October 2006 issue of CLIVAR Exchanges

1. *October 2006 issue of CLIVAR Exchanges

3. IOP Report 2006 The role of the Indian Ocean in the climate system�implementation plan for sustained observations http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/20357/ Research issues: review and key questions Observing system components (satellites and in situ) Integrated approach to sampling and design (emphasis on in situ) Alternative observational strategies assessed by observing system simulations (Oke & Schiller, 2006: Vecchi & Harrison, 2006; Lee & Fukumori, unpublished) Data management THE BASIN SCALE MOORING ARRAY IS THE CRITICAL NEW ELEMENT IN THE INDIAN OCEAN OBSERVING SYSTEM, IT IS ESSENTIAL TO DESCRIBE, UNDERSTAND, MODEL AND PREDICT THE INDIAN OCEAN�S FAST, UPPER OCEAN VARIAIBLITY, IN PARTICULAR THE MIXED LAYER T,S, V DYNAMICS IN MJO AND IOD AN INTEGRATED, MULTI-PLATFORM APPROACH IS REQUIRED FOR SEASONAL TO INTERANNUAL AND LONGER TERM VARIATION. IT ALSO SERVES THE NEEDS FOR OCEAN STATE ESTIMATION E.G. GSOP. OBSERVATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES AS WELL AS TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY WERE THE BASIS FOR DEVELOPING SAMPLING STRATEGIES. OS SIMULATIONS IDENTIFIED THE AREAS THAT WOULD HAVE LARGE MAPPING ERRORS AND WHEN POSSIBLE STEPS WERE TAKEN TO REDUCE ERRORS.THE BASIN SCALE MOORING ARRAY IS THE CRITICAL NEW ELEMENT IN THE INDIAN OCEAN OBSERVING SYSTEM, IT IS ESSENTIAL TO DESCRIBE, UNDERSTAND, MODEL AND PREDICT THE INDIAN OCEAN�S FAST, UPPER OCEAN VARIAIBLITY, IN PARTICULAR THE MIXED LAYER T,S, V DYNAMICS IN MJO AND IOD AN INTEGRATED, MULTI-PLATFORM APPROACH IS REQUIRED FOR SEASONAL TO INTERANNUAL AND LONGER TERM VARIATION. IT ALSO SERVES THE NEEDS FOR OCEAN STATE ESTIMATION E.G. GSOP. OBSERVATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES AS WELL AS TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY WERE THE BASIS FOR DEVELOPING SAMPLING STRATEGIES. OS SIMULATIONS IDENTIFIED THE AREAS THAT WOULD HAVE LARGE MAPPING ERRORS AND WHEN POSSIBLE STEPS WERE TAKEN TO REDUCE ERRORS.

4. Indian Ocean Science Drivers

5. Indian Ocean Observing System (IndOOS)Integrated, Sustained & Multi-Platform PLANNED OBSERVATIONS�IMPLEMENTATION IN 5 YEARS STRONG SYNERGY WITH OCEAN STATE ESTIMATION REGIONAL MOORING ARRAYS INDONESIAN THROUGHFLOW: INSTANT, A MULTINATIONAL EXPERIMENT, 2003-2006. THE INTENSIVE DATA SET COLLECTED DURING 3 YEARS WILL BE USED TO DEVELOP PROXY METHODS FOR LONG TERM MONITORING OF THE ITF TRANSPORTS OF MASS, HEAT AND SALT. MADAGASCAR CHANNEL: LOCO, THE NETHERLANDS, 2004-2009 BAY OF BENGALL AND ARABIAN SEA: BOB & ASEA, INDIA, 25 OCEANOGRAPHIC AND METEOROLOGICAL BUOYS IN PLACE, 18 WORKING, PLAN TO ENHANCE TO 40 SITES BY 2007.PLANNED OBSERVATIONS�IMPLEMENTATION IN 5 YEARS STRONG SYNERGY WITH OCEAN STATE ESTIMATION REGIONAL MOORING ARRAYS INDONESIAN THROUGHFLOW: INSTANT, A MULTINATIONAL EXPERIMENT, 2003-2006. THE INTENSIVE DATA SET COLLECTED DURING 3 YEARS WILL BE USED TO DEVELOP PROXY METHODS FOR LONG TERM MONITORING OF THE ITF TRANSPORTS OF MASS, HEAT AND SALT. MADAGASCAR CHANNEL: LOCO, THE NETHERLANDS, 2004-2009 BAY OF BENGALL AND ARABIAN SEA: BOB & ASEA, INDIA, 25 OCEANOGRAPHIC AND METEOROLOGICAL BUOYS IN PLACE, 18 WORKING, PLAN TO ENHANCE TO 40 SITES BY 2007.

6. IndOOSStatus

7. Strategy for Moored Buoy Array THE SCIENCE DRIVER FOR THE MOORING ARRAY IS THE NEED TO DESCRIBE, UNDERSTAND, MODEL AND PREDICT UPPER OCEAN CURRENTS, TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY, IN PARTICULAR IN THE MIXED LAYER. PRESENT DAY COUPLED, NUMERICAL MODELS HAVE LOW SKILL IN PREDICTING TROPICAL INDIAN OCEAN SST, ALTHOUGH SIGNALS PERSIST FOR SEVERAL MONTHS DURING SOME YEARS. LOW SKILL COULD BE DUE TO INADEQUATE INITIALIZATION DATA AS WELL AS PROCESSES THAT ARE NOT PROPERLY MODELLED, SUCH AS THIN SALINITY LAYERS AND BARRIER LAYER DYNAMICS. THE ARRAY ADDRESSES THE NEED FOR T(Z), S(Z) DATA THROUGHOUT THE TROPICS, VELOCITY ALONG THE EQUATOR AND SURFACE FLUXES FOR CALIBRATION OF SATELLITE ESTIMATES IN KEY CLIMATOLOGICAL REGIONSTHE SCIENCE DRIVER FOR THE MOORING ARRAY IS THE NEED TO DESCRIBE, UNDERSTAND, MODEL AND PREDICT UPPER OCEAN CURRENTS, TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY, IN PARTICULAR IN THE MIXED LAYER. PRESENT DAY COUPLED, NUMERICAL MODELS HAVE LOW SKILL IN PREDICTING TROPICAL INDIAN OCEAN SST, ALTHOUGH SIGNALS PERSIST FOR SEVERAL MONTHS DURING SOME YEARS. LOW SKILL COULD BE DUE TO INADEQUATE INITIALIZATION DATA AS WELL AS PROCESSES THAT ARE NOT PROPERLY MODELLED, SUCH AS THIN SALINITY LAYERS AND BARRIER LAYER DYNAMICS. THE ARRAY ADDRESSES THE NEED FOR T(Z), S(Z) DATA THROUGHOUT THE TROPICS, VELOCITY ALONG THE EQUATOR AND SURFACE FLUXES FOR CALIBRATION OF SATELLITE ESTIMATES IN KEY CLIMATOLOGICAL REGIONS

8. Rationale for Flux Sites The flux sites have been chosen on the basis of their location in regions of strong ocean-atmosphere interactions. In addition, several of the sites are located in regions where currently available flux products are widely divergent in terms of their net mean values of air-sea heat exchange. This figure shows the mean and standard deviation of record length means from an ensemble of six surface heat flux products in the tropical Indian Ocean. The six products are OFA+ISSCP (WHOI), NCEP/NCAR reanalysis (NCEP1), NCEP/DOE reanalysis (NCEP2), ECMWF operational analysis, ECMWF reanalysis (ERA-40), and Southampton Oceanography Centre (SOC) analysis. The Indian Ocean flux reference sites will also constitute a contribution to the international OceanSITES program, which is establishing flux reference sites in all ocean basins as a way to improve surface flux estimates globally.The flux sites have been chosen on the basis of their location in regions of strong ocean-atmosphere interactions. In addition, several of the sites are located in regions where currently available flux products are widely divergent in terms of their net mean values of air-sea heat exchange. This figure shows the mean and standard deviation of record length means from an ensemble of six surface heat flux products in the tropical Indian Ocean. The six products are OFA+ISSCP (WHOI), NCEP/NCAR reanalysis (NCEP1), NCEP/DOE reanalysis (NCEP2), ECMWF operational analysis, ECMWF reanalysis (ERA-40), and Southampton Oceanography Centre (SOC) analysis. The Indian Ocean flux reference sites will also constitute a contribution to the international OceanSITES program, which is establishing flux reference sites in all ocean basins as a way to improve surface flux estimates globally.

9. Present Status

10. Present Status

11. Indian Ocean Dipole, 2006

12. 0�, 80.5�E ATLAS Data

13. 0�, 81�E ADCP DataOctober 2004-September 2006

14. 1.5�S, 90�E Thermal Structure

15. Funding for Moored Array

16. Challenges: Ship Time

17. Challenges: Fishing Vandalism Green is �surface fishing�=purse seining+pole and line; red is long lining. Three panels are for (top to bottom) yellowtail, skipjack, and bigeye. Fishing is a problem, like in west Pacific.Green is �surface fishing�=purse seining+pole and line; red is long lining. Three panels are for (top to bottom) yellowtail, skipjack, and bigeye. Fishing is a problem, like in west Pacific.

18. Intraseasonal (e.g. MJO Variations)Two Process Studies

19. Sustained Indian Ocean Biogeochemical and Ecological Research (SIBER)Goa, India3-6 October 2006

20. PICO BUOY(�Buoy in a Box�)

21. PICO Developments Ten PICO systems have been deployed in deep water without incident. More testing needed to refine mooring hardware and electrical components. Significant development effort needed for low power, efficient profiler technology and compact vandal resistant met sensors. 2 PICO buoys deployed as test in late 2005 in eastern equatorial Pacific along 95W; recovered in 2006. Fisherman found them and tampered with them though.2 PICO buoys deployed as test in late 2005 in eastern equatorial Pacific along 95W; recovered in 2006. Fisherman found them and tampered with them though.

22. Summary